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1、一、 动词（verbs）1、情态动词情态动词表示说话人对所说动作的观点，如需要、可能、意愿、怀疑等。在形式上，情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化，有的情态动词没有时态的变化，如must。情态动词本身词义不完全，不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带“to”的动词原形连用。常见情态动词有can，may，must，have to，should，would等。情态动词一般有多个意义。情态动词的否定式一般是在其后面加not构成，一般疑问句通常将其提到句首。情态动词的肯定式一般不重读。1）can（1）表示能力We can speak a little English.Her sister can play the
2、violin.I can play badminton but I cant play volleyball.（2）表示许可You can play basketball on weekends.We cant run in the hallways.（3）表示请求Can you help me with my Chinese?Could you tell him to call me back?（这儿的could比can更委婉。）2）must表示“必须”Dont arrive late for class. We must be on time.Molly must do her homew
3、ork first when she gets home.3）have to表示 “不得不”，“必须”We have to be quiet in the library.She has to do her homework first when she gets home.have to表示“必须”时与must意义很接近，有时可与must互换。例如：We have to/must follow the rules.但在以下方面有所不同：（1）must通常表示的是说话人的主观看法，语气比较强列，have to往往强调客观需要，例如：I must go now.Its a little late
4、 and I have to go now.（2）它们的否定式含义大不相同。mustnt表示“不准”、“禁止”，而dont have to表示“不必”。例如：You mustnt talk to your mother like that.You dont have to come if you dont want to.（3）must一般只表示现在，没有人称和数的变化。而have to则可以用于不同的时态，有人称和数的变化。例如：I/We/You/They must do something about it.I have to finish my work today.She has to
5、 finish her work today.They had to get to the station before 5:00.2、现在进行时 1）现在进行时表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。例如：The students are listening to the teacher.He is watching TV now.现在进行时也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：We are working on a farm these days.Im reading a history book this month.2）现在进行时是由助动词be（am/is/are
6、）加动词-ing形式构成的。以动词work为例，现在进行时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略答语如下：肯定式否定式I am working.He/She is working.We/You/They are working.I am not working.He/She is not working.We/You/They are not working.疑问式和简略答语Am I working?Yes, you are.No, you are not（arent）.Are we working?Yes, we/you are.No, we/you are not （arent）.Are you
7、working?Yes, I am.No, I am not.Are you working?Yes, you are.No, you are not （arent）.Is he/she working?Yes, he/she is.No, he/she is not（isnt）.Are they working?Yes, they are.No, they are not （arent）.3)动词-ing形式的构成类别构成方法例词一般情况加-inggo-goingask-askinglook-looking以不发音字母e结尾的动词去掉e，再加-ingwrite-writingmake-mak
8、ingtake-taking以重读闭音节结尾的动词，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这个辅音字母，再加-ingget-gettingsit-sittingput-puttingrun-runningbegin-beginning二、There be结构There be结构的一般现在时是There is/are。“There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时”结构表示“某地或某时有某物或某人”。这种结构中的there没有实际意义。句子中的be（is/are）和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须一致。There be结构的一般现在时基本句型如下：句式一般现在时肯定式There is (Theres) a su
9、permarket on that road.There are many people here on vacation.There is (Theres) some ice on the lake.否定式There isnt a supermarket on that road.There arent many people here on vacation.There isnt any ice on the lake.疑问式Is there a supermarket on that road?Are there many people here on vacation?Is there
10、 any ice on the lake?在有并列主语的情况下，往往根据第一个主语的单复数来确定动词be的形式。例如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.There are two boys and a girl in the room.三、数词1、基数词基数词表示数目的多少。one 1two 2there 3four 4five 5six 6seven 7eight 8nine 9ten 10eleven 11twelve 12thirteen 13fourteen 14fifteen 15sixteen 16seventeen 17eighte
11、en 18nineteen 19twenty 20twenty-one 21twenty-two 22thirty 30forty 40fifty 50sixty 60seventy 70eighty 80ninety 90one hundred 100one hundred and one 101two hundred 2002、序数词序数词表示事物的先后顺序，往往与定冠词the连用。first 1stsecond 2ndthird 3rdfourth 4thfifth 5thsixth 6thseventh 7theight 8thninth 9thtenth 10theleventh 1
12、1thtwelfth 12ththirteenth 13thfourteenth 14thfifteenth 15thsixteenth 16thseventeenth 17theighteenth 18thnineteenth 19thtwentieth 20thtwenty-first 21sttwenty-second 22ndthirtieth 30thfortieth 40thfiftieth 50thsixtieth 60thseventieth 70theightieth 80thninetieth 90thhundredth 100thone hundred and first
13、 101st四、介词介词一般位于名词或代词前，表示该词与句中其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语（若是人称代词，则要用宾格）。介词和介词宾语合在一起构成介词短语。1、表示时间的介词表示时间的介词主要有at,on和in，它们的常见用法如下：atonin钟点 at six oclock用餐 at lunch time节日 at Christmas年龄 at the age of 20时间 at this time一天中的某段时间 at noon/at night某一天的某时段 on Saturday morning星期几 on Sunday日期 on May 4th节假日 on New
14、 Years Day on weekends on vacation一天中的某段时间 In the afternoon月份 in April季节 in spring年份 in 1949 其他表示时间的介词还有before，after等，例如：before breakfast/class/school，after breakfast/class/school。2、表示地点的介词 表示地点的介词和介词短语很多，如at，in，on，near，next to，in front of，before，under，behind，beside，between，in the front of，in the middle of，at the back of等，其中最常用、最灵活的是at，in和on这三个介词。比如
