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1、训练成为独立思考的科学家 共识与 偏见 Whydogivesuchatalk Asanover achiever IappreciatemoreaboutthegoodtrainingIhavereceived Gettingold andonthedownslopeinthecareer Iammoreinterestedintalking AclassatFudanMedicalSchool 训练自己尽早成为一个全面的科学家 读研究生时做学问的方法决定了你将来科学生涯的基调 正确的训练将帮助你在竞争好的博士后或者其他职位时优势更加明显 只有以正确的方式进行研究才能感到科学的乐趣 训练的目标
2、是什么 正确的科学道德思考科学问题和解决方法的能力合理利用时间高效完成各种任务的能力阅读和分析文献的能力口头表达和确立观点的能力撰写研究论文和综述的能力 与他人交流合作的能力和同事愉快相处的能力 如何评价学生 推荐信和电话交谈发表的论文 对科研兴趣的自我表述 面试 HowdoNIHpanelsevaluatepostdoctoralfellowshipapplicants ConfidentiallettersbytheadvisorandotherprofessorsRankingfollowingaspects 1 5 ResearchAbilityandPotential Writean
3、dVerbalCommunications PerseveranceinPursuingGoals Self relianceandIndependence LaboratorySkillsandtechniques Originality Accuracy ScientificBackground FamiliaritywithResearchLiterature AbilitytoOrganizeScientificData Exampleoftheevaluationofagoodstudent Exampleoftheevaluationofaweakerstudent Whatare
4、thepre requisitestobeasuccessfulgraduatestudent HighGPA GreatGREscore Wealthofyourfamily Typeofundergraduatecollege Fudanvsothers RaoYi sargument Moreaboutyourcollegegrades Goodgradesinhighschoolandcollegearefarfromsufficient Infact theyarenotevennecessary Thereareotherimportanttraits TomCech 1989No
5、blePrizeinChemistryPresidentofHowardHughesMedicalInstProfessorattheUniversityofColorado Itisn talwaystruethatthepeoplewhoarethebrillianthighschoolstudents whogetthehighestgradesontheexam aretheoneswhodowellaspracticing experimentalscientists Therearealotofskillsindoingexperimentalsciencethatcan tbet
6、estedonstandardizedexams Cechsays Bstudentsoften aretheoneswhoendupdoingthereallygreatworkinresearch Example GraigHunter ProfessoratHarvard UndergraduateGPAOregonStateUniversity 80 81 3 3UniversityofOregon 81 84 3 1 GraduateStudentUniversityofColoradosuperstar PostdoctoraltrainingUCSFsuperstar Profe
7、ssorshipHarvard maincampus Oneofthebestyoungguys Whatbesidesthegradesforhim Recommendationlettersfromtheadvisor Craighashadcompletefreedomindesigninghisownexperimentsanddecidingoverallstrategyintheresearchhehasconductedinmylab Hisunderstandingandmasteryofthetechniquesofmolecularbiologyandhissoundsci
8、entificjudgmentcomparesveryfavorablywiththatofsomeofourbestgraduatestudents IhavetheutmostconfidencethatCraigHunterwouldbeextremelysuccessfulasagraduatestudentinany Moreaboutgrades DifferencebetweenUSandChinaChangesinUShighschool Whatarethepre requisitestohavethepotentialtobetrainedintoagoodscientis
9、t 2 Beinghard workingisessential butnotsufficient 3 Lovingwhatyoudoisimportant Motivated butfortherightreason Goodscientistsoftensacrificeotheraspectsoflife 1 Needtobesmart Yes But 5 Ethical 4 Havingthepotentialtobeinitiativeandindependent Graduateschoolisnotforeveryone Howtomakesurethatiswhatyourwa
10、nt Havesomeresearchexperiencefirst Learntoaddressgoodscientificquestions Thisisamajorobjectiveofyourtrainingingraduateschool Easytosay hardtodo Manyresearchersarenotgoodatit smallscience oftendemandsmoreonthis ThisisTHEmostimportantthingIlearnedfrommythesisadvisor Learntoaddressgoodscientificquestio
11、ns Bigquestion1 leadingthefield ofpapers year time A B C D A groundbreakerB leadingthetrend C workinginahotfieldD catchingthetail Whatisyourwork Levelofthefields Amajorfielde g Developmentalgenetics Aspecificareae g Wntsignalingindevelopment Averyfocusedfielde g functionofwntreceptors TheMedicalRese
12、archCouncil In1947theMedicalResearchCouncilsetupaUnitfor ResearchontheMolecularStructureofBiologicalSystems toenableMaxPerutzandJohnKendrewtodeveloptheirworkusingX raydiffractiontostudyproteins The LaboratoryofMolecularBiology becameknownsimplyasthe LMB Theindependenceoftheresearchers FrancisCrick2n
13、dstudent JimWatson1stPostdoc MaxPerutz JohnKendrew1ststudent AllfourwontheNoblePrize MaxPerutzJohnKendrewFrancisCrickJamesWatsonFredSangerCesarMilsteinSydneyBrennerJohnSulstonManyothersweretrainedthere SydneyAltman BobHorvitz AndyFire The Culture createdbyPerutzatMRC StudentsandPostdocswereindepende
14、nt PIsdidnottakecreditfortheirwork Theyaddressedbigtimequestions Thefundingmechanismencouragedrisktaking Itwasanextremelystimulatingenvironment Eating drinking andtalking Manyverysmartanddevotedpeoplearound Brenner Benzer s ridiculous exploratoryvision SydneyBrenner SeymourBenzer Phagegeneticists C
15、elegans Drosophila MRC Caltech WhatwasBrenner sthought InalettertoMaxPerutz June1963 Itisnowwidelyrealizedthatnearlyallthe classical problemsofmolecularbiologyhaveeitherbeensolvedorwillbesolvedinthenextdecade becauseofthis Ihavelongfeltthatthefutureofmolecularbiologyliesintheextensionofresearchtooth
16、erfields Thenewmajorprobleminmolecularbiologyisthegeneticsandbiochemistryofcontrolmechanismsincellulardevelopment Thegreatdifficultyofthesefieldsisthatthenatureoftheproblemhasnotbeenclearlydefined andhencetherightexperimentalapproachisnotknown veryrisky WhatdidBrennerdo In1965 SydneyBrennerchoseanematodeCaenorhabditiselegans asapromisingmodelanimalHepublishedhisfirstpaperinGeneticsin1974 Sincethen knowledgehasaccumulatedtotheextentthatC elegansisnowprobablythemostcompletelyunderstoodmetazoaninte
