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1、第三讲主旨大意题做真题感悟高考 真题体验透视命题规律授课提示：对应学生用书第39页(2018全国卷C)Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of
2、speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became mo
3、re settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant la
4、nguages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have l
5、ots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds
6、languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two
7、or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a questionmark)：none of these seems to have much chance of survival.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。28. What can we infer about languages in huntergatherer times?AThey developed very fast.BThey were large in number.CThey had similar patterns.
8、DThey were closely connected.解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.”可知，一些语言专家认为，一万年前，当世界上只有500万到1 000万人时，他们之间可能说12 000种语言。由此可推断，采猎文明时期的语言种类很多。A项曲解文意，文中提到采猎文明时期语言很多，但这不
9、代表语言发展快。C、D两项颠倒是非，根据第一段中small, tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other可知，这些语言是相互独立的，不具有相似模式，语言间也没有密切联系。答案：B29Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?AComplex.BAdvanced.CPowerful. DModern.解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“. all have caused
10、 many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被如英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，这就暗示出这些语言是“占优势的”，故选C项powerful (强大的，有影响力的)。complex复杂的；advanced先进的；modern现代的。答案：C30How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people
11、 at present?AAbout 6,800. BAbout 3,400.CAbout 2,400. DAbout 1,200.解析：数字计算题。根据第三段中的“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据“The median number of speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人
12、数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。答案：B31What is the main idea of the text?ANew languages will be created.BPeoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.CHuman development results in fewer languages.DGeography determines language evolution.解析：主旨大意题。文章介绍了语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象，故C项概括全面。A项颠倒是非，文章介绍的
13、是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。B、D两项无中生有，文中没有提到人们的生活方式会反映到语言上，也没有提到地理决定语言的发展。答案：C研题型解锁疑难 题型突破揭示命题热点授课提示：对应学生用书第39页主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以标题归纳、文章大意、段落大意、写作目的题等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以将此类题设为高考试题具有很好的选拔作用。也可以说，此类题属于能力型题目。常见的命题方式有：1What is the writer trying to tell us?2The purpose
14、of the passage is _. 3The main (general) idea of the passage is _. 4The passage is mainly about _. 5What is mainly discussed in the passage?6Which of the following is the best title for the passage?7Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage?要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征：正确
15、选项特征： 1涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。干扰选项特征1过于笼统，不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。2以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词语作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3移花接木，偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。4无中生有，生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。1.标题归纳题题型技法：理解标题的3大特点，巧用3大方法确定文章标题 一个好的标题应具备三个特点：(1)概括准确而又简短；(2)针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；(3)醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三种方法：(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，逐一排除不符选项；(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。(2018全国卷 B)Goo
