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1、Lecture1SentenceStructure www NordriD 1 1ClauseElements Theclauseorthesimplesentenceisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof subject predicate 1SubjectandpredicateThesubjectisthetopicorthemeofthesentence whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout Thepredicatesayssomethingaboutthesubjectan
2、dbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader Thesubjectisgenerallyrealizedbyanounphraseoranequivalentofnounphrase whiletheconstructionofthepredicate whichismorecomplicated generallyconsistsofaverbphrasewithorwithoutcomplementation SeeP13 CompoundSubject Theboysa
3、ndthegirlsareplanningadance Fruitfliesandladybugsareinsects JoshuaandDanielgotlostinthewoods CompoundPredicate Leahjumpedonherbikeandrodearoundtheblock Myfriendlivesinagreenhouseandridesaredbicycle Iopenedthemagazineandbegantoreaditquietly CompoundSubjectandCompoundPredicate Herbrotherandhersisterwe
4、reveryshyandwerereallyhardpersonstogettoknow CassandraandJennybuiltamodelairplaneandpainteditbrightyellow DoublePredicate Helefthomeamerechildandreturnedquiteadifferentman SurfaceStructure DeepStructure Hewasamerechildwhenhelefthome andhebecamequiteadifferentmanwhenhereturned Everyonestoodlisteningi
5、ntently Thedoctorsatreadinganewspaperintheshade Abirdfelldeadtotheground Hediedbeloved revered andmournedbymillionsoftheworkingpeople 2TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis Onewayistodividethepredicateintopredicateverb object complementandadverbial Theseelementstogetherwiththesubjectmakethefiveclauseelements Th
6、eotherwayofsentenceanalysisistodividethepredicateintotwoparts theoperatorandthepredication Theoperatorisusuallytheauxiliaryorthefirstauxiliaryinacomplexverbphrase whilethepredicationcomprisesthemainverbwithitscomplementation object complementoradverbial TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis SentenceClauseNPVPNP
7、SubjectPredicateVerbObjectAllthemenhavedonetheirbest TwoWaysofSentenceAnalysis SentenceClauseSubjectPredicateOperatorPredicationAllthemenhavedonetheirbest 1 2BasicClauseTypes Intermsofthedifferentcombinationsofclauseelements EnglishclausescanbeclassifiedintoSEVENBASICTYPES SVC Subject Verb Complemen
8、tSV Subject VerbSVO Subject Verb ObjectSVoO Subject Verb object ObjectSVOC Subject Verb Object ComplementSVA Subject Verb AdverbialSVOA Subject Verb Object Adverbial 1Basicclausetypes Thesesevencombinationsofclauseelementsarewhollyorlargelydeterminedbythemainverbintheclause ThemainverbinanSVCpattern
9、isalinkingorcopulaverbwhichmustbefollowedbyasubjectcomplement Thecarismine Sheisingoodhealth Mybrotherhasbecomeanengineer Theseflowerssmellfragrant Allthetouristsseemedpleased ThemainverbinanSVpatternisanintransitiveverbwhichisnottobefollowedbyanyobligatoryelementexceptforalimitednumberofintransitiv
10、everbswhichrequireanobligatoryadverbial thusconstitutingthepatternSVA Everybodylaughed Theguestshavearrived Pricesaregoingdown IliveinBeijing Thetrainleavesatsix HewillbeflyingtoShanghai ThemainverbinanSVOpatternisamonotransitivewhichmustbefollowedbyanobject andwithsomemonotransitivestheobjectmustag
11、ainbefollowedbyanobligatoryadverbial thusconstitutingthepatternSVOA Iwantareturnticket Liverpoolwonthegame Nobodycouldanswerthequestion Thetrainisbuildingupspeed Theplaneislosingaltitude Iputthematerialevidenceinfrontofhim Hetreatedhervilely ThemainverbinanSVOCpatternisacomplextransitiveverbwhichmus
12、tbefollowedbyanobject objectcomplement Wemadehimourspokesman Theyelectedhimpresident Hepronouncedhimselfinfavoroftheplan Theypaintedthewallscreamywhite Thedirectorsappointedhimsalesmanager ThemainverbinanSVoOpatternisaditransitiveverbwhichistobefollowedbytwoobjects indirectanddirectobject Isenthimat
13、elegram Marylentmehercar Davidshowedmetheway Someoneleftyouthisnote Imademyselfacupoftea 2Transformationandexpansion Thebasicclausetypesareallaffirmativestatementswithverbsintheactivevoice Anaffirmativeclausecanbetransformedintoanegative astatementintoaquestion andanactiveclauseintoapassiveclause Th
14、esearecalledtransformations Shegavehimsomemoney Didshegivehimanymoney Shedidn tgivehimanymoney Hewasgivensomemoney Somemoneywasgiventohim Thebasicclausetypescanalsobeexpandedintolargergrammaticalunitsthroughaddingmodifiersatvariouslevels andcanagainbeexpandedthroughcoordinationandsubordinationintoco
15、mpound complexandcompound complexsentences TheAfricanpeoplehavelongbeenourclosefriendsinfightingagainsthegemonismandpowerpolitics Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway stunnedbythebizarrenoisesandgaspingforair Coordination Hewasahandicappedchild butheperseveredinhisstudies andlaterhebecameawell knownsc
16、holar Hedidnotlikeus andeveryoneknewit butnooneadmittedit Subordination Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway stunnedbythebizarrenoisesandgaspingforair Thejanitorstaggereddownthestairway stunnedbythebizarrenoiseshehadjustheardupstairsandgaspingforairashehesitantlyheldontothebanister CoordinationandSubordination Notonlydidhedislikethewaywespoke buthealsodisapprovedofthewaywedressed WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspotted45milessouthofLondon theywerenottakenseriously but astheevidence
