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1、CognitivePsychology Lecture3 LongTermMemorySeptember2007JohnToner Schacter Tulving 1994 Declarative Non declarative OverviewofLecture SemanticMemoryEpisodicMemoryPerceptualRepresentationsProceduralMemory VowelCounting apple VowelCounting chair VowelCounting light VowelCounting syrup VowelCounting sw
2、ord VowelCounting DigitTask Countingbackwardsfrom70in8 sListthenext5numbersinthissequence70 62 54 Anagrams 5seconds bianr Anagrams 5seconds ciarh Anagrams 5seconds atlpn Anagrams 5seconds gtilh Anagrams 5seconds enots Anagrams 5seconds purys Anagrams 5seconds STOP bianrbrianciarhchairatlpnplantgtilh
3、lightenotsstonepuryssyrup Design FirstandlastvowelcountingwordsnotusedDistractiontaskAnagramsforbothprimedandunprimedwordsassimilaraspossible Explicit ImplicitMemory Explicitmemoryinvolvesconsciousrecollectionofpreviousexperience Itiswhatmostpeoplegenerallyrefertoas memory ImplicitMemoryisanunintent
4、ional non consciousformofretention Itcanberevealedwhenperformanceonataskisfacilitatedwithoutconsciousrecollection Explicit ImplicitMemory ExamplesofImplicitMemory FindingakeyquicklyandturningitefficientlyinalockDecidingthat doctor isawordhappensfasterafterpresentationof nurse ratherthan north Explic
5、it ImplicitMemory RuleofThumb Explicitmemoryisoftenassociatedwithincreasedbrainactivity whileimplicitmemoryisassociatedwithdecreasedactivationCanweprovethatanyexperimentaltaskdoesnotuseexplicitmemory LongTermMemorySystems ProposedbySchacter Tulving 1994 Memorysystemshandleinformationwithinagivenclas
6、sordomain e g episodicmemorydealswithmemoryofevents Propertiesofasystem Rulesofoperation neuralsubstratesandfunctionofasystemdistinguishitConvergentdissociations Agivenmemorysystemshouldbedifferentfromotherssystemsinclear welldefinedways EpisodicMemory Declarative Thisreferstothestorageandretrievalo
7、fspecificeventsorepisodesoccurringinaparticularplaceataparticulartime SemanticMemory Declarative Thisreferstoinformationaboutourstockofknowledgeabouttheworld 2 2 4 Moo EpisodicvSemantic Wheeleretal1997 episodicmemoryinvolvesthesubjectiveawarenessorrelivingofexperiencesbutsemanticmemorydoesnot PETsca
8、nstudies seeWheeleretal1997 haveshownthatthereismoreactivityintherightprefrontalcortexwhenparticipantsaretryingtoretrieveepisodicmemoriesthanwhentheyaretryingtoretrieveotherkindsofmemoriessuchassemanticmemories EpisodicvSemantic Themajordistinctionbetweenepisodicandsemanticmemoryisnolongerbestdescri
9、bedintermsofthetypeofinformationtheyworkwith Thedistinctionisnowmadeintermsofthenatureofsubjectiveexperiencethataccompaniestheoperationsofthesystematencodingandretrieval Wheeleretal 1997 pp348 349 EpisodicvSemantic Themajordistinctionbetweenepisodicandsemanticmemoryisnolongerbestdescribedintermsofth
10、etypeofinformationtheyworkwith Thedistinctionisnowmadeintermsofthenatureofsubjectiveexperiencethataccompaniestheoperationsofthesystematencodingandretrieval Wheeleretal 1997 pp348 349 EpisodicvSemantic Butalso Themannerinwhichinformationisregisteredintheepisodicandsemanticsystemsishighlysimilar there
11、isnoknownmethodofreadilyencodinginformationintoanadultssemanticmemorywithoutputtingcorrespondinginformationinepisodicmemoryorviceversa Wheeleretal 1997 p 333 EpisodicvSemantic Butalso Episodicmemoryisarecentlyevolved latedeveloping andearly deterioratingpastorientedmemorysystem morevulnerablethanoth
12、ermemorysystemstoneuronaldysfunction Tulving 2002 p 5 EpisodicvSemantic Thecaseof KC Havingsufferedbraindamagethepatienthadatotalinabilitytorememberanyevents circumstances orsitationsfromhislife Hisepisodicamnesiacoveredhiswholelifefrombirthtopresent Yethecouldslowlyacquirenewsemanticmemories phrase
13、association evenifhecouldnotrememberthehoursspentinthelaboratorylearningtheassociations SemanticMemory Declarative Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised Warrington Shallice 1984 reportapatient JBR whohadhugeproblemsidentifyingpicturesoflivingthings butfewproblemsnamingnon livingthings successrate6 vs
14、90 Theoppositedifficultieshavealsobeenreported althoughitisamuchrareraffliction Martin Caramazza 2003 SemanticMemory Declarative Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised Damasioetal 1996 Objectnamingtaskgiventohealthysubjects PETdatashoweddifferentareasactiveifobjectswerefamousfaces lefttemporalpole ani
15、mals leftinferotemporalregion ortools posterolateralinferotemporalregion Damasioetal 1996 alsofoundthatpeoplewithdamageinthesespecificareashadproblemswithnamingtheassociatedcategoriesofitems SemanticMemory Declarative Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised TheoreticalFarah McClelland 1991 putforwardat
16、heorybasedonthefollowingassumptions 1 Livingthingsareprimarilycategorisedbasedlargelyuponvisualproperties Whattheylooklike 2 Non livingthingsareprimarilycategorisedbasedlargelyuponfunctionalproperties Whattheyareusedfor 3 Dictionaryanalysisshowedthatratioofvisualtofunctionaldescriptorswas7 7 1forlivingobjects butonly1 4 1fornon living ProceduralMemory Non declarative Proceduralmemoryismemorythatallowsustoacquiremotorandcognitiveskills Itis knowinghow memory Ryle1949 ProceduralMemory Non declarat
