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1、本资料来源于七彩教育网第五章 情态动词和虚拟语气一、情态动词的语法特征(1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。(2)情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。(3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。(4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式、分词、动名词等形式。二、虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,多半不是事实,或与事实相反。 高考重点要求:1、情态动词的基本用法2、情态动词表示推测的语义差别3、情态动词后接不定式完成体的不同意义4、虚拟语气中情态动词的用法第一节 知识点概述一、情
2、态动词 (一)情态动词种类1. can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可能性”, 但表示人的体力或智力的具体动作时须用 be able to .He was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。2. may表示“允许,可以”,相当于be allowed to .may或might可和as well连用,表示“建议”,译为“还是的为好”You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。You might
3、as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。3. must表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”。4. have to 加动词原形,表示“不得不”,“必须”,它比must更强调客观。Tom had to work into the deep night every day to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜。5. should 表示“劝告”,“建议”或“义务”时,译作“应当”,或表示“预测”和“可能”。He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on the
4、mselves. 由于父母亲老了,不能自理,他应当照顾他们。He should be there now. 他应该在那儿。should have done在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔”。6. ought ,只有一种形式,且ought后必须加to,然后跟接动词原形表示“有义务”或“必要”做某事,译为“应当,应该”。7. dare 可以用作情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式,这主要用于否定句中,它本身可有现在时第三人称单数,词尾加s,它还可以有ing分词形式(daring)和过去式及ed分词形式(dared)。(二)情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法cant(cannot) 表示“不可能”, may
5、 not 表示“不可以”, mustnt(must not) 表示“一定不要”,“不许可”,neednt (need not) 表示“不必”,dare not 动词原形表示“不敢”。He cant finish his essay by this time. 现在他不可能写完论文。He may not sleep now. 他或许现在没在睡觉。You mustnt criticize her in that way. 你不应那样批评她。You neednt come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。He dared not meet his fiance. 他不敢见女朋友。(三)can,
6、may,must三者用法比较can,may,must是三个最重要的情态动词,其基本句型如下:肯定句:主语+can,may,must +动词原形否定句:主语+can,may,must +not +动词原形疑问句:Can,May,Must +主语+动词原形1. can,may,must的肯定句You may eat lunch,but you must wash your hands.你可以吃饭,但是你必须洗手。(1)cana.表示能力;能,会She can run fast,but I cant.她很会跑,但是我不会。b.表示可能;能够I can get there in ten minutes
7、.我十分钟之后就可以到那儿。(表示一种可能性)c.表示允许;许可You can use this dictionary.你可以用这本字典。d.can和be able to比较can只有现在式和过去式,而be able to可以用于各种时态。can(could)表示能力时,可用be able to代替。I can(=am able to)pay for the book. 我买得起那本书。He will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。She has been able to come to school. 她已经能去学校了。(2)m
8、aya.表示请求、许可May I borrow your pen?我可以借你的钢笔用一用吗?b.可能、或许Tomorrow I may go shopping.明天,我可能(或许)去商店买东西。He might be our new teacher.他或许是我们的新老师。(3)musta.必须、应该(表示有做某一动作的必要或义务)You must buy a ticket.你必须买一票。b.一定、准是(表示有把握的判断或推测,一般只用于肯定句中)在You must这一句型中,它的意思与祈使句相同。You must get up early. =Get up early.你必须早起。You mu
9、st study hard. =Study hard.你必须用功读书。He must be our new teacher.他肯定是我们的新老师。2.表示推测的用法can , could ,may ,might ,must 皆可用来表示推测,其用法如下:acould ,might 表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can ,may。bcan ,could 用于否定句和疑问句中。句型:主语+ cant , couldnt +be +动词ing(否定句)Can ,Could +主语 +be +动词 ing(疑问句)They cant be cleaning the room now他们现在不可
10、能在打扫房间。cmay ,might , must 用在肯定句中。句型:主语+ may ,might ,must +be +动词 -ing (表示对现在发生动作的推测)He must be sleeping . 他现在肯定在睡觉。d但如果上述这些词 (must ,cant ) + have +过去分词则指对过去已发生的事进行推测。The road is wet. It must have rained last night .地是湿的;昨天晚上肯定下雨了。There isnt any water on the road . It (cant ) couldnt have rained last
11、 night .地面上一个水滴都没有,昨天不可能下雨了。(四) have to的用法1. have(has)to +动词原形have(has)to后面要用动词原形。当主语为第三人称单数时用has to,当句子是过去时用had to。We have to leave now.我们不得不现在就离开。He has to work on Sunday.他不得不在周日工作。I had to do my homework last Sunday.上周日,我不得不做作业。2. have to的否定句句型:主语+dont(doesnt, didnt, will not)have to+动词原形You dont
12、 have to walk so fast.你不必走那么快。He will not have to buy a new coat next year.明年,他没必要买新外衣了。3. have to的疑问句句型:Do(Does, Did, Will)+主语+have to +动词原形?Do you have to study maths now?你现在必须学数字吗?Yes,I do.是的,必须学。No,I dont(have to)。不,不必学。Did he have to ask the question?他非要问那个问题吗?Yes,he did.是的。No,he didnt(have to)
13、.不。4. must与have to比较must侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要,have to侧重于客观上的必要。如果用于过去时态或将来时态时,则要用have to的相应时态来代替must。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。My brother was very ill,so I had to call for the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(一般过去时)I havent got any money with me,so Ill have to borrow some from my frien
14、d.我身上没有钱,只好向朋友借点了。(一般将来时)He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。二、虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示说话人的意愿、假设、猜测或建议。虚拟语气不表示客观存在的事实,谓语动词用特殊的形式表示虚拟语气。1 表示与现在事实相反时的谓语形式。从句主句过去式 (be和were)would (should、could)+ 动词原形例如:If Tom were hungry, he would eat the bread. (In fact, Tom isnt hungry.)2 表示与过去事实相反的谓语形式。从句主句had + 过去分词woul
15、d (should、could) + have +过去分词例如:If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the early bus. (In fact, I didnt catch the bus.)3 表示与将来事实相反的谓语形式。 从句主句动词过去式should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would (should、could) + 动词原形例如:If they came tomorrow, we would told them about it. (In fact, they wont come tomorrow。)4 动词wish后的宾语从句中,谓语动词可用过去式、过去完成式或would、might加原形。例如:I wish I were as st