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1、Lecture1 ContractofSale Structure DefinitionFunctionsGoverningLawsandUsualPracticesTypesFormationofContractBreachofContractContents Definition Asalescontractisaformalcontractbywhichaselleragreestosellandabuyeragreestobuy undercertaintermsandconditionsspelledoutinwritinginthedocumentsignedbybothparti
2、es Itcanalsobecalledagreementofsale contractforsale salesagreement orsalescontract 1 Whenthebuyerandthesellerarelocatedacrossborders thesalescontractbecomesaninternationalcontractofsale 1 Functions 1 Itidentifieswhatisbeingsoldtowhomandforhowmuch andthusdefinesthemostimportantobligationsofboththesel
3、lerandthebuyer2 Ittakesintoaccountthespecifictermsandconditionsofsale suchasdeliverydates currencyandpaymentterms andconstitutesthemostimportantunderlyingandoriginaldocumentforthederivativedocuments suchasletterofcredit commercialinvoice transportationdocument 3 Itstipulatesthecountryunderwhoselawth
4、econtractisgoverned Thisisparticularlyimportantforinternationaltradecontracts GoverningLawsandUsualPractices 1 2 TheUNCISG TheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw UNCITRAL ConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods 1980 Establishedin1980andrecognizestherulesforcommercialcontracts
5、Itestablishesuniform rulesfordraftinginternationalsalescontracts andsetsthelegalrightsandobligationsofthesellerandthebuyerundersuchcontracts UNCISGrulesapplyautomaticallytothesalescontractsbetweenthecountrieshavingratifiedtheconvention GoverningLawsandUsualPractices 2 2 Incoterms2000TheContractLawof
6、thePeople sRepublicofChina March15 1999 Chapter1 Chapter9 Chapter18TechnologyContract TheUniformCommercialCode UCC Article2 inmostUnitedStatesandCanadianjurisdictionsSaleofGoodsAct 1979 andEnglishcontractlawinEngland Wales andothercountriesacrosstheCommonwealthICCUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocument
7、aryCredit 2006Revision inforceonJuly1 2007 UCP600 InstituteCargoClauses ICC byUKChinaInsuranceClauses CIC byPICCUniformsRulesforCollectionbyICC URC522 etc Types Import ExportContractVerbal Non VerbalContractShipment ArrivalContractStandardformContractAstandardformcontract sometimesreferredtoasanadhe
8、sioncontractorboilerplatecontract isacontractbetweentwopartiesthatdoesnotallowfornegotiation i e takeitorleaveit 1 Itisoftenacontractconcludedbetweenunequalbargainingpartners 1 http en wikipedia org wiki Standard form contract FormationofContract InvitationtoMakeOffersOfferCounter OfferAcceptance In
9、vitationtoMakeOffers IntheUNCISG article14 aproposalwhichisnotaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal Aninvitationtomakeoffersisanactionbyonepartywhichmayappeartobeacontractualofferbutwhichisa
10、ctuallyinvitingotherstomakeanofferoftheirown Itmayberegardedasarequestforexpressionsofinterest InvitationtoMakeOffers Forinstance promotionalbrochuresandotherformsofadvertisingwheregoodsaremarketedtopotentialbuyersareusuallyconsideredan invitationtomakeoffer Thatistosay thepromotionalmaterialsaredes
11、ignedtogenerateenquiriesfromwhichanoffermaysubsequentlybemadeandconsequentlytheycannotbeusedasthebasisofacontract Offer Offerisrequiredbyeverysalescontract IntheUNCISG article14 aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicates
12、theintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance Aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice 向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议 如果十分确定并且表明要约人在其要约得到接受时即受约束的意旨 即构成要约 Offer Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee Re
13、achingRule 中国 合同法 第16条 要约到达受要约人时生效 采用数据电文形式订立合同 收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的 该数据电文进入该特定系统的时间 视为到达时间 未指定特定系统的 该数据电文进入收件人的任何系统的首次时间 视为到达时间 Offer Withdrawal撤回Evenifitisirrevocable anoffermaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer 合同法 第十七条 要约可以撤回 撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人
14、例如 北京一家公司向巴黎一家公司发盘 其中规定有效期到3月10日为止 该发盘是3月1日以特快专递寄出的 3月2日北京公司发现发盘不妥 当天即用电传通知巴黎公司宣告撤回该项发盘 问 这样做是否可以 发盘是否可以撤回 根据是什么 Offer Revocation 撤销 Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance However anoffercannotberevoked a ifitindicates whetherbys
15、tatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise thatitisirrevocable or b ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer Offer Termination 中止 Anoffer evenifitisirrevocable isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor orwhenthestatedvalidityintheoffer
16、isoverdue Counter Offer IntheUNCISG article19 areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter offer However onlymaterialalterationstotheoriginalofferconstituteacounter offer Amongotherthings additionalordifferenttermsrelatingtotheprice payment qualityandquantityofthegoods placeandtimeofdelivery extentofoneparty sliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially
