《民间艺术英文资料.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《民间艺术英文资料.doc（11页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Cloisonn2Brief introduction2Development2Examples2Pictures3New Year pictures4Brief introduction4Development4Production Method4Theme4Pictures5Papercutting6Brief introduction6Development6Classification6Pictures6Embroidery8Brief introduction8Origin8Materials8Machine8Pictures9Shadow play10Brief introduct
2、ion10Development10Terminology10Pictures11CloisonnBrief introductionCloisonn is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects, in recent centuries using vitreous enamel, and in older periods also inlays of cut gemstones, glass, and other materials. The resulting objects can also be called clo
3、isonn. The decoration is formed by first adding compartments (cloisons in French) to the metal object by soldering or affixing silver or gold wires or thin strips placed on their edges. These remain visible in the finished piece, separating the different compartments of the enamel or inlays, which a
4、re often of several colors. Cloisonn enamel objects are worked on with enamel powder made into a paste, which then needs to be fired in a kiln.DevelopmentThe technique was in ancient times mostly used for jewellery and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geome
5、tric or schematic designs, with thick cloison walls. In the Byzantine Empire techniques using thinner wires were developed to allow more pictorial images to be produced, mostly used for religious images and jewellery, and by then always using enamel. By the 14th century this enamel technique had spr
6、ead to China, where it was soon used for much larger vessels such as bowls and vases; the technique remains common in China to the present day, and cloisonn enamel objects using Chinese-derived styles were produced in the West from the 18th century.ExamplesEnamel The 8th-century Irish Ardagh Chalice
7、 The Alfred Jewel, a 9th-century Anglo-Saxon ornament The Khakhuli triptych, a large gold altarpiece with over 100 Georgian and Byzantine plaques, dating from the 8th to 12th centuries, said to be the largest enamelled work of art in the world. the eyes of the 10th century Golden Madonna of Essen Th
8、e 12th century Mosan Stavelot Triptych, combining cloisonn and champlev work.Gems and glass The Pectoral of Tutankhamun, (image), and several others. The 5th century grave goods of Childeric I, last pagan king of the Franks, died c. 481 The 5th-century Germanic Treasure of PouanThe 6th-century Merov
9、ingian Treasure of GourdonPicturesMing Dynasty cloisonn enamel bowl, using nine colors of enamel.Chinese cloisonn enamel incense burner, 17th-18th centuriesAdding frit with dropper after sintering cloisons. Upon completion the piece will be fired, then ground (repeating as necessary) then polished a
10、nd electroplatedNew Year picturesBrief introductionA New Year Picture is a popular Banhua in China. It is a form of Chinese colored woodblock print, for decoration during the Chinese New Year Holiday, then later used to depict current events.DevelopmentIts original form was a picture of a door god f
11、ashioned during the Tang dynasty. Later, more subjects, such as fairs, the Kitchen God, women and babies were included. Customarily, as each Chinese New Year arrives, every family replaces its New Year picture in order to say goodbye to the Past and welcome the Future.In the 19th century Nianhua wer
12、e mass-produced and displayed for those who could not read. They often depicted the Chinese point of view of events.The scenes sometimes were used to create patriotic sentiment. Many Nianhua were produced during the Boxer Rebellion depicting the Muslim Kansu Brave forces of General Dong Fuxiang, sho
13、wing them as victorious over the Eight Nation Alliance of the western powers and Japan.As times changed, people, especially those in cities, were influenced by modern arts to see New Year Pictures as traditional and staid. Moreover, people considered the door god was too menacing to hang in their ho
14、mes. They wanted something more artistic. At the middle of the 1980s, the sales amount of New Year Pictures in Mianzhu was around five hundred thousand. However, the number dropped sharply since the early 1990s.Production MethodProduction method: hand draws pictures, wood printing, watermarks trappi
15、ng, Half-drawing and half-painting, lithography, offset printing and so on.Usually, Chromatic woodblock New Year pictures have four steps:Firstly, artist draw rough sketch on the paperSecondly, carving the rough sketch on the wood board and print few sampleThirdly, add color on the sample and carvin
16、g couple color meme for each part of color on the sample. (Usually no more than 5 color)Finally, when the preparation is complete. The printer paint color on the color board before carved, then put paper on the wood board and use brush to flat brush the paper. Then the Chromatic woodblock New Year pi
