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1、Introduction Cultureisnothing cultureiseverything culturemeansmoreassignments cultureistofindagoodjob CultureisasmacroasbeliefsandvaluesCultureisasmicroasagrainofsandCultureisasvisibleaspeopleCultureisasinvisibleaslove Whatisculture Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves IcamefromAlabamawithmybanjoonmyknee
2、I mgonetoLouisiana mytruelovefortosee ItrainedallnightthedayIleft Theweatheritwasdry ThesunsohotIfrozetodeath Susannadon tyoucry Oh Susanna oh Don tyoucryforme I vecomefromAlabamawithmybanjoonmyknee Blowin InTheWind Howmanyroadsmustamanwalkdownbeforehe calledaman Howmanyseasmustawhitedovesailbeforeh
3、esleepsinthesand Howmanytimesmustthecannonballflybeforethey reforeverbanned Theanswer myfriend isblowin inthewind theanswerisblowin inthewind Lifeislikeaboxofchocolates Forrest Youneverknowwhatyou regonnaget Theoriesaboutculture 1 Goodenough swidelyciteddefinitionrunsasfollows 1964 36 Asociety scult
4、ureconsistsofwhateveritisonehastoknoworbelieveinordertooperateinamanneracceptabletoitsmembers Cultureisnotanaturalphenomenon itdoesnotconsistofthings people sbehaviororemotions Itisratheranorganizationofthesethings Itistheformofthingsthatpeoplehaveinmind theirmodelsofperceiving relating andotherwise
5、interpretingthem Cultureis anhistoricallytransmittedpatternofmeaningsembodiedinsymbols asystemofinheritedconceptionsexpressedinasymbolicformbymeansofwhichmencommunicate perpetuateanddeveloptheirknowledgeaboutattitudestowardslife Geertz 1975 89 Muchofthatknowledgeissymbolicallyexpressedinartefactsand
6、behavioursandisformulatedasrules norms expectations asmoralandlegalcodes asproverbs asparentalinjunctionstochildren butmuchofitistacit scarcelyconsciousuntilsomeonedoestheunexpected Hundeide 1985 Themeaningsandnormsimplicitinthesepracticesarenotjustinthemindsoftheactorsbutareoutthereinthepracticesth
7、emselves practiceswhichcannotbeconceivedasasetofindividualactions butwhichareessentiallymodesofsocialrelation ofmutualaction Taylor 1971 27 BytheseImeannotionsofwhatissignificant whicharenotjustsharedinthesensethateveryonehasthem butarealsocommoninthesenseofbeinginthecommonreferenceworld Geertz 1971
8、 30 Commonmeaningsarethebasisofcommunity Intersubjectivemeaninggivesapeopleacommonlanguagetotalkaboutsocialreality Geertz 1971 30 Culturesaredynamic markedbychangesinresponsetonewsocietal environmentalneeds demands Thus culturalchangeisanongoing continuousprocess DeCapua Wintergerst 2004 cultureisac
9、ompoundentiretyincludingelementsofknowledge beliefs arts laws morality customs andanyotherabilitiesandhabitsthatpeopleobtainfromthesociety EdwardTaylor PrimitiveCulture 1871 B cultureisnotonly theacquiredabilityofanindividualorapeopletorecognizeandappreciategenerallyacceptedestheticandintellectualac
10、hievementofcivilization or aparticularstageofcivilization asinthecaseofacertainnationorperiod butalso thetotalofhumanbehaviorpatternsandtechnologycommunicatedfromgenerationtogeneration NewWebster sThirdInternationalDictionary 3dEd C Socialandreligiousstructuresandintellectualandartisticmanifestation
11、setcthatcharacterizeasociety LongmanModernEnglishDictionary Largeculture themajorproductsandcontributionsofasocietyingeneralorofoutstandingindividualsinthesaidsociety Withthisapproach thestudentsoflanguageandculturestudytheeconomical socialandpoliticalhistoryandthegreatpoliticians heroes writers art
12、ists etcofthecountry Smallculture it stheanthropologicalculture meaningthelife waysofapopulation andwerelateittolanguageandcross culturalcommunication Itincludesthreeaspects thethinkingmodesofaculturalcommunity thewaythemembersofthatcommunitydealwiththeperson personrelationship andtherelationshipbet
13、weenmanandnature Sapir WhorfianHypothesis Whorf 1956 tellstherelationbetweenlanguageandculture Kramsch 1988 63 LargeCultureVS SmallCulture seeBrooks 1968 Chatian 1976 388 Seelye 1994 InChina theword wen and hua aretwoseparatecharactersandoriginallytheyweretwowords Atfirst wen meansthemind education
14、civilizationwhile hua meanscultivationandunderstanding Lateron bythetimeoftheWarriorStatesandtheSevenKingdoms thetwowordswereconnectedtogethertobecomeonewordtorefertothecivilization educationandalsothelivingandthinkingwaysandmodes thebehaviours customsandvalues fromZhangDai nianandFanKe li 1994 1 3
15、ChengYu zhen 1998 3 IntroductiontoChineseCulture 文化 TrendofCulture Globalisationandinternationlisation scienceanddemocracy mixedandsharedculturalfeatures seekingharmonyoutofthedifferences willbetheoverpoweringingredientsinthefutureculture Economiccooperation interculturalcommunicationandcultureexcha
16、ngeswillbetheessentialinterests Therenowexistmulti culturelanguages eg AmericanEnglish andmulti languagecultures e g Canadiancultures CulturethroughEnglishcanbedividedintotargetculture sourceandinternationalculture Zaid 1999 RelevantaspectsofCulturalStudies EasternandWesternculture High contextculturesrelyonthecontext eithertheactualphysicalenvironmentofcommunicationoraninternalizedsocialcontextorboth toconveyalargepartorevenallofthemessage smeaning Inlow contextcultures themeaningistrustedalmos
