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1、SupplementaryreadingmaterialsforthefirstsemesterTextOnePracticeeffectivegoalsettingEmployeeshavemanygoals.Theystrivetoreachquotas,wincontests,pleaseothers,makeitthroughtheworkday,oroutperformtheirco-workers.Theirgoalsaresometimesdifficultandsometimeseasy,sometimesspecificandsometimesvague.Thenatureo
2、femployeegoalsandhowtheyaresetarecritical.Goalsettingisasimpleandinexpensive,butverypowerful,toolintheleadersarsenal.Whyaregoalssoimportant?Goalsletemployeesknowwhatisexpectedofthem.Goalscanrelieveboredom.Considerhowboringmostgameswouldbeifyoudidntkeepscore.Whenpeoplereachtheirgoals,theyliketheirjob
3、smoreandaremoresatisfiedwiththeirperformance.Reachingagoalearnsrecognitionfrompeers,supervisors,andothers.Reachingagoalincreasesself-confidence,prideinachievement,andwillingnesstoacceptfuturechallenges.Hereareguidelinesforsettingeffectivegoals:Bespecific.Specificgoalsleadtohigherperformancethanvague
4、ones.Infact,“doyourbest”goalshaveaboutthesameeffectasnogoalatall.Imaginearunnercirclingatrack,shoutingtohercoach“HowmuchfartherdoIhavetogo?”Areplyfromthecoachof“Justdoyourbest”wonthelpmuch.Similarly,“directional”goals,suchas“dobetter”or“loseweight”arentanymoreuseful.Instead,aspecificgoalsuchas“incre
5、aseproductivityby20percentwithinsixmonths”or“losetenpoundsintenmonths”isneeded.Setdifficult,butreachable,goals.Aslongasthegoalisseenasreasonable,moredifficultgoalsleadtobetterperformance.However,employeesmustbelievethegoalisattainable.Iifnot,theywillrejectit.Also,peoplepursuemanygoalsatthesametime.I
6、ftheybelieveoneistoodifficult,theywillfocusonother,moreattainablegoals.Interestingly,whenpeoplefacedifficultgoals,theyanalyzetheirtaskmorethoroughlyandaremorecreativethanwhengivensimplegoals.Theybothworkharderandworksmarter.Letpeopleparticipateinsettingtheirgoals.Thisincreasesunderstandingandaccepta
7、nceofgoals.Animportantandperhapssurprisingfactisthatwhenpeopleparticipateinsettingtheirowngoals,theresultinggoalsaregenerallymoredifficultthanifthegoalsweresetforthem.Thesemoredifficultgoals,inturn,arelikelytoleadtohigherperformanceGivefeedbackonprogress.Feedbackkeepsbehaviorontrack.Itmayalsostimula
8、tegreatereffort.Avideogame*withoutascorewouldsoonbeabandoned.And,whenpeoplelearnhowtheyaredoing,theytendtosetpersonalimprovementgoals.Themostpowerfulfeedbackesfromthejobitself,ratherthanfromsomeonetellingyouhowyouvedone.Asimpleruleofthumb*mightbe“Ifsomethingdoesntmatter,itdoesntmatterwhetheryoudoitw
9、ell.”Goalsettingdoesmatter,soyoudbetternotmessitup*.Inadditiontotheguidelineswevesuggested,keepthesethingsinmind:Setgoalsforeverythingthatisimportantintheworkplace.Ifyousetgoalsforsomethingsbutnotforothers,thosewithoutgoalsmaybeignored.Avoidthetemptationtosetjustthoseeasythatareeasytoset.Sometimes,w
10、ereallycareaboutXbut,becauseYiseasiertoquantify,wesetgoalsforYinstead.*gameplayedusingahomeputer,etcinwhichtheplayercontrolsimagesonaTV电视游戏*aruleofthumb:roughpracticalmethodofassessingormeasuringsomething,usu.basedonpastexperienceratherthanonexactmeasurement,etc.*doitinpetently,badlyorclumsily;spoil
11、itthroughlackofskillI.prehension:Determinewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.1 Goalsareimportantbecausetheyhelptoearnrecognitionandtoincreaseself-confidence.2 “Directional”goalsleadtobettereffect.3 Themoredifficultagoalis,thebetterandsmarterapersonwillwork.4 Itisbelievedthatifpeopleareinvol
12、vedinsettingtheirowngoals,theyarelikelyoperformbetter.5 “Feedbackkeepsbehaviorontrack”maymean“Feedbackenablesustobeinformedofourbehavior”.6 ItisrighttosetgoalsforYbecauseYsquantityiseasiertomeasure,althoughwhatwereallycareisX.II. Discussthefollowingquestions:1. Isgoal-settingimportanttoyourstudy?Why
13、orwhynot?2. Howcanpeopleensuretheeffectivenessoftheirgoal-setting?3. IntermsofyourEnglishstudy,whatisyourmajorgoalsforthisterm,thisacademicyearandthefollowingthreeyearsrespectively?TextTwoManageyourtimewiselyTheaveragelifespanofanAmericantodayis77.3years.paredtotheeternitiesoftimethatcamebeforeusand
14、willeafterus,that77.3yearsseemsbutasmalldustmoteinavastuniverse.Butitiswhatitistheonlytrueresourcewewilleverhaveisthetimeweeachareallottedonthisplanet.Theonlyquestions,the,seemtobe(1)“Whatismypurposehere?”and(2)TowhatbestusecanImakeofthetimeIhaveleft?”EverysecondCounts.Dontletitstealaway.TIMEROBBERS
15、&SOLUTIONSHerearesomemonsensicalsolutionstodealingwithtime-robbers:LackofAwareness.Someofusaresobusydrivingthatwedonttakethetimetostepback,stop,andseewherewevebeenandwhereweregoing.Recordfortwoweekshowyouspendyourtimeeachday.Analyzethedata.Identifyyourtimerobbers-disruptions,distractions,unplannedme
16、etings,trivialwork,etc.Thinkoftimeasmoneyinvestedtoacplishcertaingoals.Areyoumakingwiseinvestments?Foreachitemonyourtimelog,askthreequestionscreatedbyPeterDrunker,thefamousmanagementguru:“Whatwouldhappenifthiswerenotdoneatall?”“Whichactivitiescouldbetterbedonebysomeoneelse?”“Whatwastesmytimewithoutcontributingtomyeffectiveness?”NoPlanning.Sometimes,peoplefailtoseetheneedtoplan
