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1、摘要生态环境和自然资源是人类赖以生存的物质基础，维持整个生态系统平衡是社会经济可持续发展的前提条件。但长期以来受“资源无价”观念的影响，人类活动对生态环境的影响远远超出了自然生态系统的自净能力，破坏了自然生态系统的平衡，造成了严重的环境污染和生态破坏。随着人类社会由工业文明向生态文明的转变，生态补偿法律机制成为了实现环境资源有偿使用的重要制度和手段。可我国至今还没有一部生态补偿的基本法对生态补偿的原则、对象、范围等做出总体性规定。因此，有必要将生态补偿思想融入环境法律制度，针对不同的生态补偿进行不同的制度设计，为生态补偿实践提供可靠的法律依据。草原是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统,草原在涵养水源、
2、水土保持、调节气候、防风固沙以及维护生态多样性等方面,都具有不可替代的重要作用。草原与耕地、森林和海洋等自然资源一样,是我国重要的战略资源。但是长期以来受自然和人为因素的影响,全国90%以上的天然草原出现不同程度的退化,草原生态服务功能下降,对我国生态安全构成严重威胁。“十五”以来,国家启动了退牧还草、京津风沙源治理等一系列加强保护草原生态的重大工程。但由于工程实施面积有限,草原生态“局部改善、总体恶化”的态势尚未得到根本扭转。因此,为加强草原生态保护和建设,尽快建立草原生态服务补偿的长效机制,充分发挥草原特有的生态服务价值,对维护国家生态安全至关重要。草原生态建设和生态建设补偿机制,是事关草
3、原生态建设持续有效性、缓解“三牧”问题、建设环境友好型和谐新牧区、全面建设小康社会的关键性研究命题。草原资源生态补偿制度是自然资源有偿使用制度的重要内容之一，草原资源的理论界和实务界对此进行了积极探索，提出了不少建设性的建议和方案，环境资源法学者也开始给予应有的关注。近年来，我国在草原资源生态建设的工作中取得了很大的成绩，但由于一些地方满负荷、超负荷开发利用草原，导致草原资源的严重破坏和不断退化。因而，草原资源生态补偿法律机制的构建迫在眉睫。构建具有可行性的我国草原资源生态补偿制度，首先应当从理论上澄清其含义，为制度设计提供学理依据；然后，结合现状拿出切实可行的应对之策，从立法上寻找突破口，为
4、其实施提供法制保障。关键词：草原资源，生态补偿，法律制度AbstractThe ecological environment and natural resources are material base to the survival of humans, maintain the entire ecosystem balance is the premise of sustainable development of social economy condition. But for a long time, the resources priceless idea influenced
5、human activities on the ecological environment, the influence of the natural and ecological system goes far beyond the self-purification capability, destroy the balance of natural ecological system, caused severe environmental pollution and ecological destruction. With human society by industrial ci
6、vilization changing to ecological civilization, ecological compensation legal mechanisms became the important institution using method of the realization environmental resources. But our country still does not have a basic law of ecological compensation for ecological compensation principle, object,
7、 make overall scope of rules. Therefore, it is necessary in ecological compensation legal system, ideological environment according to different ecological compensation for different system design for ecological compensation practices, provide reliable legal basis. Grassland is the largest area in C
8、hina terrestrial ecosystem, grassland in water conservation, water and soil conservation, adjusting the climate, for windbreak and sand-fixation and maintaining ecological diversity, etc., has irreplaceable role. Grassland and cultivated land, natural resources such as forests and oceans as, is Chin
9、as important strategic resources. However, for a long time by both natural and human factors, the national 90% of the natural grassland appear different degree of degradation, grassland ecological service function decline on our ecological safety, pose a serious threat. Since “Fifteen Plan”, countri
10、es launched grazing land, “Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control” and a series of strengthening the protection of grassland ecosystem of the important project. But because the project implementation area is finite, “Partial improvement, Overall deterioration” situation of the grassland ecological
11、 has not been a fundamental change. Therefore, in order to strengthen the grassland ecological protection and construction, establish the grassland ecology service compensation long-effect mechanism, give full play to grassland ecological service value, endemic to safeguard national ecological safet
12、y is very important. Grassland ecological construction and ecological construction compensation mechanism of ecological construction, are critical to grassland continued effectiveness, alleviate “Three Shepherd” problem, construction environment-friendly harmonious new pastoral areas, the comprehens
13、ive construction well-off societys key research propositions. Grassland resources ecological compensation system is the compensation systems for use of natural resources, one of the important content of the grassland resources to the theory and practice, and puts forward the actively explore many co
14、nstructive suggestion and scheme, environmental and resources law scholars also begin to pay due attention to it. In recent years, our country in grassland resources ecological construction work has made great achievements, but due to some places of our country overloading to develop the grassland,
15、lead a serious destruction of the grassland resources and constantly degradation. Thus, the grassland resources construction of ecological compensation legal mechanisms is imminent. Constructing feasible our grassland resources, first we should clarify the meaning from the theory, providing the mean
16、ing theoretical academic basis for the system design. Then, combine with the current taking out feasible of policy measures, looking for a breakthrough from the legislation, to provide legal safeguard system. Keywords：Grassland resources; Ecological compensation; Legal system目录一、我国草原的现状草原是地球上最主要的生态系统之一，占全球陆地面积的四分之一，草原对全球生态环境和生物多样性的保护具有重要作用，在地球生物圈中有着不可取代的位置，对畜牧业、农业乃至整个社会的发展也是至关重要的。 The world resources
