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1、 Awordcanbedefinedasa fundamentalunitofspeechandminimumfreeform withaunity soundandmeaning capable performingagivensyntacticfunctionThedevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary OldEnglish OE chracterizedbythe compounds Someinvolvingalliteration 449 1100 OEisfrequentuseofOEcompoundshavesurvivedin ModernEnglish
2、About85 ofOEwords arenolongerinuse MiddleEnglish 1100 1500 MEischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingthe lawandModern NormanConquestin1066 governmentaladministrationEnglish 1500 thepresent Therapidgrowthofpresent dayEnglishvocabularyanditscausesA markedprogressofscienceandtechnologysoftw
3、are hardwareB socio economic politicalandculturalchangescreditcard fringebenefit pressurecooker influenceofothercultureslanguagesmaotai sputnik classificationofEnglishwordsaccording todifferentcriteria1 Byoriginwordsandloanwords nativeNative words Anglo SaxonoriginofOE Loanwords borrowedfromotherlan
4、guage featuresofbasicwordstock 1 Nationalcharacter2 Stability3 Word formingability4 Abilitytoformcollocations 2 Bylevelofusage 1 Commonwords stylisticallyneutral appropriateinbothformalandinformalwritingand speech 2 Literarywords chieflyusedinwriting especiallyinbookswrittenina moreelevatedstyle ino
5、fficialadocuments orinformalspeeches A ofarchaicwords Theyaresometimesofemployedinpoetry businessletters legaldocuments religiousspeeches andproses B poeticalwordsthedeep thesea slumber sleep maiden girl etc 3 colloquialwordsmainlyusedin spokenEnglish orininformalwriting 4 slangwordskickthebucket to
6、p notchteachers buzz telephone call 5 technicalwordspsychoanalysis interlanguage discovery assaultandcoversation3 BynotionFunctionwords determiners conjunctions prepositions auxiliaries Contentwords nouns mainverbs adjectives adverbs Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage notdivi
7、sibleoranalyzableintosmallerC forms and Theclassificationofmorpheme andbound morphemesA 1 freefree morphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning Itcanexistonits ownwithoutaboundmorpheme Aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance Itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme 2 rootsandaffixes1 r
8、oots Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningof theword A freerootsInEnglish many rootsrootsfrom arefreemorphemes B boundQuiteanumberofrootsderivedforeignsources especiallyfrom GreekandLatin 2 affixesA inflectionalaffixes plurality tense comparativeorsuperlativedegree
9、 B derivationalaffixes prefixesandsuffixes 1 Derivation 1 prefixesPrefixescanbeclassifiedintothefollowingcategoriesbytheirmeaning A mis co malB anti counter pro re C super under over D pre post ex pre E inter trans super over sub F un in G mini maxi 2 suffixes 1 ee 2 eer 3 er wise interms ism 5 as i
10、s 4 of sofar concerned 2 Conversion isaword formation processwherebyawordofacertainword classisshiftintoawordofanotherword classwithouttheadditionofanaffix Itisalsocalledzero derivation Typesofconversion1 N toV conversionA toputin onN B togiveN toprovidewithN C todepriveofND to with N E tobe actasNw
11、ithrespectto make change intoN F to G tosend gobyNH tospendtheperiodoftimedenotedbyNAdjtoV Usuallythistypeofverbmeans tomake become adj Some adjectivescanonlybeconvertedinto transitiveverbs adv toVdownconjunctiontoV toup Totobuthave afind a 2 VtoNtake give make2 catch acough etc 3 abore acheat asnea
12、k acoach agoodkickAtoN 1 PartialconversionA B s sh se ch C D E 2 Completeconversion3 NtoA 3 Compoundingor compositionisa word formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorewordstoformanewunit acompoundword Classificationofcompounds1 Noun harddisk easychair mousemat Dream compounds 1 a ndeadline 2 n nT
13、eam information adv n after effect overburden highway etc 3 4 gerund n chewinggum readinglamp 5presentparticiple nrulingclass swearword floatingdriveway bridge 6 v n 7 n v nightfall toothpick snowfall 8 put off 9 watersupply v adv show off adv v downfall upset upstart 2 cuff adjectivecompounds 1 ano
14、ff theopinion 2astand upcollar 3 take homepay across borderraid machine3 4difficult to operatecompounds Acronymy InitialismandAcronymsInitialisms Initialismisa typeofshortening usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropernamea technicalterm oraphrase BroadcastingCorporation BBC BritishVIP Very Important
15、Person Threetypesofinitialisms1 Theletters representfullwords CIA Central 2 The IntelligenceAgencylettersrepresent compoundorjust oftheU Selementsinapartofa ID Identification card 3 A word letter representsthecompleteformofthefirstword whilethesecondwordisinfullform V Day VictoryDay Acronyms areword
16、sformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm etc SAM surface to airmissile SALT StrategicArmsLimitationTalks Rapidgrowthofacronymsand initialisms space savingandtime savingdevices Back Clipping 1 clippings ad advertisement gas gasoline 2 Front clippings chute parachute 3 Frontandbackclippings flu influenza fridge refrigerator4 Phraseclippings pub public house pop popularmusicaBlendingisaprocessofword formationverbinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoft
