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1、现在完成时一、现在完成时的基本概念1、定义用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，而其结果却和现在有联系: 动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在。 They have left. -他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里 I have had my lunch. -我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。 He has learned English since 2001. -从2001年开始学的,现在还在继续学着呢2、构成have (has) +过去分词。规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样，在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表，需要同
2、学们记忆。3、句型：肯定句：主语+have/has + done +其他否定句：主语+have/has +not + done +其他has+ not = hasnt have+ not = havent 一般疑问句：have/has +主语 +done+其他？回答： Yes , have/has. No, hasnt/ havent. 特殊疑问句：疑问代词/副词+一般疑问句二、现在完成时的主要用法用法1：强调过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果或影响 （既涉及过去，又联系现在）- Its so dark. -Someone has turned off the light.(有人刚把灯关了,对现在
3、造成的结果是:现在很黑) - Are you free? -I have finished my homework. I am free.(我已经完成了家庭作业,对现在造成的结果是很有空)用法2：表示过去已经开始, 持续到现在的动作或状态.常与since + 过去的时间点，for + 一段时间，so far 等时间状语连用。I have learnt English for more than ten years. 我已经学了10多年的英语。(从10年前开始,持续到现在还在学)She has swum since half an hour ago. 我已经游泳了半个小时(半个小时前已经开始游泳
4、,到现在还在游)用法3：表示曾有过或到目前为止从未有过的经历。Have you ever been to the Summer Palace? (你曾去过颐和园吗?)I have never driven a car. (我从开未过汽车。)用法4：现在完成时还常与句型 This is the first time，Its the first time 连用。This is the first time he has driven a car. 这是他第一次开车。用法5：现在完成时和最高级连用表示到现在为止是最的。Its the most boring film Ive ever seen. 这
5、是我看过的最令人厌烦的电影。三、现在完成时的常用标志性词（一）for+一段时间，since+过去时间，表示从过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。注1): since 也可单独使用, 表示“自那时起”; 另外since前也可加上ever,以加强语气.I have been here (ever) since. I have been here (ever) since I graduated in 2000.注2): 对for或since引导的时间状语提问 必须用how long, 决不能用when.I have lived here for 10 years. How long have
6、 you lived here?She has stood here since 2 hour ago. How long has she stood here?（二）just, lately, recently是完成时的时间状语，just now 有a moment ago 之意，是一般过去时的时间状语。just表示“刚刚”，多用在助动词have/has和动词过去分词之间He has just come back. 他刚刚回来。They have just finished the work. 他们刚刚完成那项工作The train has just arrived. 火车刚到。Did yo
7、u see Joan just now? 你刚才看到琼了吗？Have you heard from your family lately/recently? 你最近收到家人的来信了吗？ （三）in the past few years 意思是“过去几年来”，可作现在完成时的时间状语；in the past意思是“在过去”，常作一般过去时的时间状语。 Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years. 过去几年来，我的家乡发生了很大的变化。Where did you work in the past? 你过去在
8、哪里工作？（四） before泛指“以前”时，可用于现在完成时中；ago表示“现在的一段时间以前”，是一般过去时的时间状语Ive never been to Japan before. 我以前没去过日本。She went to Japan a year ago. 她一年前去了日本。He has started his work ten years before. 他十年前就已经开始他的工作了。He started his work ten years ago. 他是十年前开始他的工作的。（五）ever和never也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。前者意思是“曾经”，多见于疑问句或否定句中；后者意思
9、是“从来没有”，表示全部否定。 Have you ever seen the film?” 你曾经看过这部影片吗？No. I have never seen it. 没有， 从来没看过。Nobody in our class has ever been there. 我们班没有人去过那。We have never been to the Great Wall. 我们从来没有去过长城。注: 带ever的肯定句变否定句时, 要将never变成ever; 带ever的一般疑问句作否定回答时可用“No, never.”He has ever made dumplings.否定句: Have they
10、ever travelled by train? No, never.（六）already和yet常见于现在完成时中，有“已经”之意。前者一般用在肯定句中，后者用在疑问句中。yet在否定句中有“还”之意。 “Has the bus left yet”? 汽车开走了吗？“Yes. It has already left.” 是的，已经开走了。(“No. It hasnt left yet.) 不 ，还没有开走。 注: 带already的肯定句变成否定句或疑问句时,将already要变成yet放在句末. I have already done my homework. 否定句: I havent
11、done my homework yet. 一般疑问句: Have you done your homework yet?（七）so far(到目前为止) 也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。 So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon. 到目前为止， 还没有人到月球以外旅行。四、短暂动词与延续动词现在完成时态中和表示一段时间的状语（for，since，how long, all ones life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，
12、keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?英语中有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续，只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，
13、find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能与for、since等表示一段时间的词连用，也不能用于how long引导的疑问句中。He has come back.（）He has come back for two hours.（） 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如I havent heard from my father for a long time. We havent seen him since 1999.当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long，since，for，all
14、 ones life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为: He came back two weeks ago.（正）I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为: I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）（2）用“It is / has been时间since一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he
15、 joined the League.（正）I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正）（3）用“时间has passedsince一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has left home for 20 years. 改为: Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为: Two days has passed since he lost his pen.（4）用系表结构来改写.He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20
