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1、Erdem Atalay Cetinkaya et al What is the effectiveness of beta glucan for treatment of acute otitis media Brazilian Journal of OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2020 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 耳鼻喉第一章 急性中耳炎 Acute otitis media AOM is seen extremely frequently during childhood and 75 of pre school age children have been repor
2、ted to have suffered at least one episode Intracranial spread of infection is among the complications that may develop Within the middle ear cavity MEC the mechanisms of AOM in the MEC which could make an individual susceptible to the development of inflammation are only partially known The 5 most c
3、ommon bacteria associated with AOM are Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilusinfluenzae Moraxellacatarrhalis Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus The most common viruses that can contribute to AOM are human rhinovirus influenza viruses respiratory syncytial virus adenovirus and enterovirus
4、 Patients with AOM suffer a reduced quality of life because of pain hearing loss headaches and cognitive impairment 急性中耳炎 AOM 在儿童期极为常见 据报道 75 的学龄前儿童至少经历 过一次发作 感染的颅内扩散是可能发生的并发症之一 在中耳腔 MEC 内 MEC 内 AOM 使个体对炎症发展易感的机制目前尚不完全清楚 与 AOM 相关 的 5 种最常见的细菌是肺炎链球菌 流感嗜血杆菌 卡他莫拉菌 化脓性链球菌 和金黄色葡萄球菌 最常见的可导致 AOM 的病毒是人类鼻病毒 流
5、感病毒 呼 吸道合胞病毒 腺病毒和肠道病毒 由于疼痛 听力损失 头痛和认知障碍 AOM 患者的生活质量下降 知识点总结 intracranialadj 颅内的 cavityn 洞 influenzaen 流感 rhinovirusn 鼻病毒 syncytialadj 合胞体的 Druce Howard M Chronic Rhinitis Allergy Asthma Proceedings 11 6 1990 295 298 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 耳鼻喉第二章 慢性鼻炎 Chronic rhinitis may present as a syndrome of multiple
6、symptoms or as a single symptom such as rhinorrhea sneezing or nasal obstruction In patients whose symptoms do not conform to classic presentations of syndromes such as allergic rhinitis a detailed differential diagnosis should be considered to exclude anatomic allergic or systemic disease If necess
7、ary an imaging test of the sinuses should be obtained Treatment depends on pathophysiology and can be prophylactic or symptomatic A variety of nonpharmacologic measures are described which may prove helpful in reducing the severity of symptoms 慢性鼻炎可表现为有多种症状的综合征 也可能表现为单一症状 如鼻漏 大 打喷嚏或鼻塞 对于症状不符合过敏性鼻炎等综
8、合症典型症状的患者 应考虑详 细的鉴别诊断 排除解剖性 过敏性或全身性疾病 如有必要 应进行鼻窦成像 检查 治疗取决于病理生理学 可以是预防性或对症的 这里描述了各种非药物 措施 这些措施可能有助于降低症状的严重程度 知识点总结 1rhinitisn 鼻炎 2rhinorrhean 鼻漏 3allergicadj 对 过敏的 4prophylacticadj 预防性的 Kanai N et al Nasal polyp inflammation Effect of topical nasal steroid American Journal of Respiratory Critical Ca
9、re Medicine 150 4 1994 1094 1100 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 耳鼻喉第三章 鼻息肉 Topical nasal corticosteroid therapy produces clinical improvement in patients with nasal polyposis To examine the mechanisms of steroid effect we quantified the number of inflammatory cell types as well as the expression of relevant cell
10、markers in nasal polyps from steroid treated patients n 11 and polyps from untreated patients n 10 judged to require polypectomy for symptomatic relief We found that the majority of eosinophils in these tissues were in the stromal layers and that the proportion of activated eosinophils EG2 versus to
11、tal eosinophil count was significantly lower in polyps from patients treated with the topical nasal steroid budesonide 200 to 400 micrograms d for 1 mo than in polyps from untreated patients 局部鼻用皮质激素治疗可改善鼻息肉患者的临床症状 为探讨类固醇效应的机制 我们对类固醇治疗患者的鼻息肉 n 11 和判定为需要切除息肉以缓解症状的 未治疗患者的鼻息肉 n 10 中炎症细胞类型的数量和相关细胞标记物的表达
12、 进行了定量分析 我们发现 这些组织中的大多数嗜酸性粒细胞位于基质层 与 未经治疗患者的息肉相比 经局部鼻用固醇布地奈德治疗患者 200 至 400 微 克 天 持续 1 个月 的息肉中的活化嗜酸性粒细胞比例 EG2 阳性嗜酸性粒细 胞与总嗜酸性粒细胞计数之比 显著降低 知识点总结 1nasaln 鼻的 2corticosteroidn 皮质类固醇 3polyposisn 息肉病 4eosinophiln 嗜酸性粒细胞 5stromaladj 基质的 Kanai N et al Nasal polyp inflammation Effect of topical nasal steroid A
13、merican Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 150 4 1994 1094 1100 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 耳鼻喉第四章 声带息肉 In recent decades the development of new noninvasive diagnostic methods and advances in the study of semiology laryngeal physiology and histopathology are allowing a thorough assessment of phonati
14、on especially the interference of laryngeal lesions in the layers of the vocal folds Among the most common benign laryngeal lesions treated in specialized voice clinics are vocal nodules and polyps which diagnosis is made primarily by patient history clinical complaints and through visual examinatio
15、n such as indirect laryngoscopy with rigid or flexible fiber optic scope and stroboscopy Its etiology is related to vocal abuse Nodules are usually formed from constant vocal abuse over time while polyps may originate from a single episode of abuse 近几十年来 新的无创性诊断方法的发展以及症状学 喉生理学和组织病理学研 究的进展 使人们能够对发声 特别是喉病变对声带各层的干扰进行全面的评估 声带小结和息肉是专业语言诊所最常见的喉部良性病变之一 其诊断主要根据患 者病史 临床症状和视觉检测 如采用刚性或柔性光纤镜间接喉镜和频闪喉镜 其病因与嗓音滥用有关 结节通常是由长期持续的嗓音滥用形成的 而息肉则可 能是由一次嗓音滥用引起的 知识点总结 1noninvasiveadj 非侵袭性的 2laryngealadj 喉的 3phonationn 发声 4laryngoscopyn 喉镜 rigidadj 硬性
