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1、Colapinto Trauma to the pelvis urethral injury Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1980 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 泌尿外科第一章 肾结石概述泌尿外科第一章 肾结石概述 The acute treatment of kidney stones urolithiasis addresses pain management and focuses on the effects of the morbidity associated with an obstructed renal syste
2、m Minimal fluid intake resulting in decreased urine production and a high concentration of stone forming salts is a leading factor in renal calculi development Radio opaque calcareous stones account for 70 to 75 of renal calculi Microscopic hematuria in the presence of acute flank pain is suggestive
3、 of renal colic but the absence of red blood cells does not exclude urolithiasis Furthermore manyinflammatoryandinfectiousconditionscausehematuria demonstrating the low specificity of urinalysis testing 肾结石 尿石症 的急性治疗强调疼痛管理 同时关注与肾脏系统阻塞相关的 发病率的影响 液体摄入过少导致尿生成减少 形成结石的盐高度浓聚 是肾结 石形成的主要因素 不透射线的钙结石占肾结石的 70
4、到 75 镜下血尿伴有 急性腹痛提示肾绞痛 但 尿中 没有红细胞并不能排除尿石症 此外 许多炎 症和感染性疾病也可导致血尿 这表明尿液分析的特异性较低 知识点总结 1urolithiasisn 验尿 尿分析 2obstructedadj 阻塞的 3opaqueadj 不透明的 4calcareousadj 钙质的 5microscopicadj 显微镜下的 6hematurian 血尿 7 uria后缀 表示尿 8flankn 侧面 侧翼 侧腹 colicn 急腹痛 Colapinto Trauma to the pelvis urethral injury Clinical Orthopae
5、dics and Related Research 1980 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 泌尿外科第二章 尿路损伤泌尿外科第二章 尿路损伤 Currently discrepancies exist in published reports regarding both the site and the extent of the urethral injury in fractured pelvis as well as in the incidence of the major postoperative complications namely stricture and impo
6、tence There is also debate as to the best method of initial treatment of the injury this is primary vs delayed repair We believe that much of the controversy is the result of inaccurate diagnosis of the site and extent of the initial injury In the past diagnosis has depended upon clinical criteria o
7、r on the failure of a catheter to traverse the urethra These methods fail to pinpoint the site of the injury nor do they tell us whether the rupture is incomplete partial or complete Fortunately much of this information can be obtained by dynamic retrograde urethrography 目前 关于骨盆骨折导致的尿道损伤的部位和程度 以及术后主
8、要并发症 即狭 窄和阳萎的发生率 发表的报道存在差异 对于损伤的最佳初始治疗方法 即初 步修复和延迟修复 也存在争议 我们认为 许多的争议是由于对损伤部位和损 伤程度的诊断不准确 在过去 诊断依赖于临床标准或导尿管插入尿道失败 这 些方法不能准确定位损伤的位置 也不能告诉我们破裂是不完全的 局部的还是 完全的 幸运的是 这些信息大部分可以通过动态逆行尿道造影获得 知识点总结 discrepancyn 差异 pelvisn 骨盆 stricturen 狭窄 impotencen 阳痿 controversyn 争论 辩论 cathetern 导尿 pinpointv 查明 adj 精确的 rup
9、turen 破裂 dynamicadj 动态的 Colapinto Trauma to the pelvis urethral injury Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1980 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 泌尿外科第三章 前列腺增生泌尿外科第三章 前列腺增生 Clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH is one of the most common diseases in ageing men and the most common cause of lower urinary tra
10、ct symptoms LUTS The prevalence of BPH increases after the age of 40 years with a prevalence of 8 60 at age 90 years Some data have suggested that there is decreased risk among the Asians compared to the western white population Genetics diet and life style may play a role here Recent reports sugges
11、t the strong relationship of clinical BPH with metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction as well as the possible role of inflammation as a cause of the prostatic hyperplasia Lifestyle changes including exercise and diet are important strategies in controlling this common ailment 临床良性前列腺增生 BPH 是老年男
12、性最常见的疾病之一 也是引起下尿路 症状 LUTS 的最常见原因 BPH 患病率在 40 岁以后增加 在 90 岁时患病率为 8 60 一些数据表明 与西方白人相比 亚洲人的患病风险相对较低 基因 饮食和生活方式都可能起作用 近期的报道提示 临床良性前列腺增生与代谢综 合征和勃起功能障碍密切相关 炎症也可能是前列腺增生的原因之一 生活方式 的改变 包括锻炼和饮食 是控制这种常见疾病的重要策略 知识点总结 prostaticadj 前列腺的 hyperplasian 增生 tractn 地带 geneticsn 遗传学 metabolicadj 变化的 新陈代谢的 erectileadj 勃起的
13、 dysfunctionn 功能紊乱 ailmentn 小病 不安 Colapinto Trauma to the pelvis urethral injury Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1980 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 泌尿外科第四章 膀胱癌泌尿外科第四章 膀胱癌 Bladder cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and the eighth most common in women It represents a spectrum
14、 of disease ranging from superficial well differentiated disease which does not significantly impact survival to highly malignant tumors for which long term survival may be dismal Transitional cell carcinoma which constitutes the vast majority of bladder cancers in the United States may develop as c
15、arcinoma in situ or as invasive carcinoma This article focuses on transitional cell carcinoma with a review of the major aspects of the disease including the epidemiology diagnosis and staging and management including organ preservation Therapeutic options are explored including surgery radiotherapy
16、 chemotherapy and combined modality therapy 膀胱癌是男性第四常见 女性第八常见的恶性肿瘤 它代表了一系列的疾病 从 对生存影响不显著的浅表的 高分化的 到长期生存可能很差的高度恶性的肿瘤 在美国 绝大多数膀胱癌是移行细胞癌 它可发展为原位癌或侵袭性癌 这篇文 章针对移行细胞癌的主要方面进行了综述 包括流行病学诊断和分期 以及管理 包括器官保存 探讨了包括手术 放疗 化疗和联合治疗在内的治疗方案 知识点总结 a spectrum of一系列的 superficialadj 表面的 肤浅的 dismaladj 凄凉的 vastadj 广阔的 巨大的 situn 原地 invasiveadj 侵略性的 combined modality therapy联合疗法
