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1、欧洲合同法中的诚实信用论争内容摘要欧洲合同法目前正经历着一场意义深远的改革，这主要是受到了欧盟统一的影响，统一带来如何使现有不同法律机制协调共存的问题，有学者甚至因此将统一欧洲合同法提上了议程。在这情形下，一个比较古老的话题又重新获得了论证活力，那就是在德国、英国、法国等不同法律机制中呈现不同功能面貌的诚实信用。关注它不仅是因为这符合学者进行比较研究的智识愿望，也因为诚信已在欧盟法令中悄然实行，而这些法令莫不带有强制效力。如何理解这些带有诚信的法令自然会引发对它更多的历史思辨。这些关注证明了诚信的重要，使我们相信研究诚信富有意义。与其他研究不同的是，本文更想用一种其他方式来考察诚信，即有关诚信
2、的论争似乎已超出了诚信规则本身的意义，尤其是在德国，它们的数目如此众多，内容又十分经典。本文的写作思路将遵循实证主义的传统，不仅关注法律文本中的诚信，更关注法学文献中的诚信论争，尤其是这些论争以一种非常骇人的数量延续多年，其中的典型代表是德国诚信学说。法律实证主义的教义指引本文观察这些学说，期待能从论争中看出问题的真正所在，更好地洞察诚信的涵义。文章第一部分是对主要使用的方法的一个简介。第二部分回顾德国典型论争的历史。第三部分分析了诚信上的三个问题，这一分析发现整个论争都可以用一些互相对立的短语进行总结。基本思路只不过在不同的文章中做着循环转换。于是，本文提出了一个对称结构来总结这些论争的贡献
3、，他们的答案无外是双极选择中的中间道路。第四部分抛弃了原先的论争框架，重新组织我们对诚信意义的理解，不过，却恰好是用了一个美国观点进行了总结。这一新的评估机制虽然放在了最后一部分，但却只能通过全文来感知。但此处可以先给读者一个线索，这是一句非常著名的论断：词语的意义源自于其在语言中的使用。关键词：诚实信用；对称结构；循环转换；双极选择AbstractThe European contract law is enduring an important reform which will cause asignificant influence to the future. Originating
4、 from the unity of the European Union,which makes it a problem that if different law systems wanted to exist along eachother with conformity. Some scholars even argue to integrate all the different contractlaws into a new one. Then an old topic suddenly gains a new life with vitality in thediscussio
5、n, which is good faith as a different tool using in unequal law systems likeGermany, England, and France. It not only conforms to the wishes to have acomparative study on the EU, but also originated in the existing EU Directives whichhave mandatory effects. The question on how to understand these di
6、rectives entailsmore speculations about the good faith history. All of these concerns prove it wouldbe crucial to investigate this key rule.Unlike all the other research, this paper uses another way to examine a strangefeeling that the discussions refer to good faith seem much more valuable to be te
7、stthan testing the rule itself, especially those huge number of classical theories inGermany. This paper would follow the traditions of the doctrine of legal positivist toobserve those study texts, endeavor to have a better sight of real problem and get abetter comprehension on the meaning of good f
8、aith. The first part through a briefintroduction on the methods we mainly used. The second part uses a historical reviewto elaborate the typical debate in Germany. The third part analyzes three questions ongood faith, it finds out the whole argument can be generalized to a couple of oppositephrases.
9、 The basic thinking was transforming in different levels by loop conversions.Its easy to have a symmetrical structure to conclude their contributions whichanswers were almost middle ways in a bipolar choice. The fourth part left thestructure to reorganize understandings of the meaning of good faith,
10、 which isdescribed in an American view. The new evaluation mechanism was proposed at thelast part, but it only can be perceived through the entire paper. But here would be aclue, that is try to remember a classic lemma: the meaning of a word is its use in thelanguage.Key words: good faith; symmetric
11、al structure; loop conversion; bipolar choice2目录引言一、结构主义方法于诚信论争之意义. 4二、德国的诚实信用发展：一个历史回顾. 5(一) 法官造法的问题以及概括条款的“发现”.6(二) 1920 年后的“逃逸至概括条款”.7(三) 诚实信用的现代化发展.91.列举合同义务.102.合同权利的内在限制.103.法官造法的启动和对实质公平的追求.104.概括条款论证产生的对宪法权利的横向影响. 11三、诚实信用论争的对称结构. 12(一)诚实信用论争的结构猜想.121.诚信的规则-原则-原则的形而上论证层次.122.提出一个诚信论争的结构化模型.15(二)论证的实质方面：个人主义与利他主义的对立 .161.对立的意义.162.伦理论证.173.权利基础论证.
