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1、小学英语语法:动词时态21)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since,
2、so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影
3、响，电影的内容已经知道了。)Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)Who hasnt handed in his paper?(强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。)She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)He joined the League
4、 three years ago.( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
5、11.11 用于现在完成时的句型1)It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard h
6、im sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D.
7、 ever, have come答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错)I have received his letter for a month.(对)I havent received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比较si
8、nce和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League
9、 for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began
10、 to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(错) Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.11.13 since的四种用法1) since +过去一个时间
11、点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is +一段时间+ since从句It is two years since I became
12、 a postgraduate student.11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词1) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock.他一
13、直睡到10点。典型例题1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had metB. have met C. metD. meet答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be答案A. 等待的动作
14、由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。11.15 过去完成时1) 概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|-其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前 那时现在2) 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时;发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, t
15、hink, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.典型例题The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.
