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1、Chapter9Languageandsociety Sociolinguistics asub fieldoflinguiststhatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive Therelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety Therearemanyindicationsoftheinter relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety
2、 Languageisoftenusedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships e g greeting Theuseoflanguageisinpartdeterminedbytheuser ssocialbackground socialclass age sex educationlevel etc Language especiallythestructureofitslexicon reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety snow forEskimo Asasoci
3、alphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitisused theevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial thepostvocalic r Speechcommunityandspeechvariety Speechcommunity thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialsociolinguisticstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity Speechvarietyorlangu
4、agevariety anydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers Insociolinguisticstudythreetypesofspeechvarietyareofspecialinterest i e regionaldialects sociolectsandregisters Twoapproachestosociolinguisticstudies Macro sociolinguistics i e abird s eyeviewofthelanguagesusedinsociety Micro
5、sociolinguistics i e aworm s eyeviewoflanguageinuse Varietiesoflanguage DialectalvarietiesRegisterDegreeofformality Dialectalvarieties Regionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion e g Br E Am E Socialdialect Sociolect isalinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticula
6、rsocialclass e g ReceivedPronunciation Languageandgender e g intonation lexicon Languageandage Lexicaldifference icebox fridge wireless boombox Idiolect apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional social gender andagevariations e g Hemingway Luxun Ethnicdialect asocial
7、dialectofalanguagethatcutsacrossregionaldifferences itismainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation e g BlackEnglish Register Register inarestrictedsense referstothevarietyoflanguagerelatedtoone soccupation Inabroadersense
8、 accordingtoHalliday languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries itdiffersindifferentsituations Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister Hallidayfurtherdistinguishesthreesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister fieldofdiscourse tenorofdiscourse modeofdiscourse Threesocialvar
9、iables Fieldofdiscourse whatisgoingon totheareaofoperationofthelanguageactivity Itisconcernedwiththepurpose why andsubjectmatter aboutwhat ofcommunication Itcanbeeithertechnicalornon technical Tenorofdiscourse theroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion whoaretheparticipantsinthecommunicationandin
10、whatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother customer shop assistant teacher student etc Modeofdiscourse themeansofcommunication Itisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout oral written ontheline Degreeofformality Fivestagesofformality MartinJoos Intimate Upyougo chaps Casual Timeyouallwentupstairsnow Con
11、sultative Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsrightaway please Formal Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce Frozen Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase Note Differentstylesofthesamelanguagecanbecharacterizedthroughdifferencesatthreelevels syntactic lexicalandphonological Standarddialec
12、t language Thestandardvarietyisasuperimposed sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem usedbythemassmedia andtaughtineducationalinstitutions includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage Standardlanguageisactuallyani
13、dealizedvariety butexistsformostpeopleastheversionthatisacceptedastheofficiallanguageoftheircommunityorcountry StandardEnglishistheversionwebelieveisfoundinprintedEnglishinnewspapersandbooks iswidelyusedinthemassmediaandistaughtinmostschools ItisthevarietywenormallytrytoteachtothosewhowanttolearnEng
14、lishasasecondorforeignlanguage Itisclearlyassociatedwitheducationandbroadcastinginpubliccontextsandismoreeasilydescribedintermsofthewrittenlanguage i e vocabulary spelling grammar thanthespokenlanguage Linguafranca Speakersofmutuallyunintelligiblelanguagewhoneedtocommunicatewitheachotherhaveavariety
15、ofmeansavailabletothem Awidespreadmethodofbridgingthelinguisticgapistousealinguafranca alanguageagreeduponasamediumofcommunicationbypeoplewhospeakdifferentfirstlanguages IntheUSA thelanguageusedforcommunocationwiththemembersofmanydifferentnativeAmericantribeshasbeenEnglish thespeechofthedominantsoci
16、ety Nowalongwithglobalization Englishhasgraduallybecomealinguafrancawhichisusedforcommunicationamongthespeakersfromdifferentlanguagebackground PidginandCreole Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading ThereareseveralEnglishpidginsstillusedtoday Theyarecharacterizedbyanabsenceofanycomplexgrammaticalmorphologyandasomewhatlimitedvocabulary Inflectionalsuffixessuchas s plural and s possessive onnounsinSta
