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1、心理学导论第八课我要用一个不同的演示Ill begin the class officially来正式开始这堂课的内容with a different sort of demonstration.我想给你们看一个在现实中进行的I want to just show you one of the change-Blindness studies 变化盲视实验that has been done in the real world.这些录像带没有公开发行And these videotapes are not available publicly.我们在网上找到了这些录像带 We get them
2、 from the web 然后用了一些java脚本来打开and see them as little java scripts.这是丹尼尔西蒙斯So, this is one of the first studies done在康奈尔大学时所做的早期研究之一by Dan Simons when he was at cornell.他当时的导师是如今在我们系任教的And his adviser at the time was our Frank Keil,弗兰克凯尔Whos now in our department.这就是他的研究So, heres the study.人们根本没有注意到An
3、d you dont notice it.变化盲视是实验科学家们Change blindness is one of the more striking phenomena和心理学家们所发现的discovered by laboratory scientists较为引人注意的现象之一and by psychologists.但是请大家But its important to realize,抛开对大猩猩的惊奇to get away from the sort of surprise of the gorilla,以及人们很难看到闪过物体的and the fact that its hard t
4、o see the flickering,这个事实the object thats flickering,理解这之中隐含的寓意是非常重要的and appreciate the big moral of this,因为我觉得 这里的寓意because the big moral of this is actually, I think,实际上是非常惊人 也是十分重要的striking and quite important.你觉得你正在感知着这个世界You think right now that youre perceiving the world.我在这里俯视你们 I look down o
5、n you 觉得自己对每个人的位置都了如指掌and I think I have a whole sense of where everybody is.我无法看清坐在后面的每位同学I cant see everybody perfectly in back.因为你们离我太远 有点模糊 Youre kind of far away and blurry但我还是能感知到周围的世界but theres a sense in which I have a world around me.同样 如果我把眼睛闭上几秒钟Similarly, if Im to close my eyes for a sec
6、ond,一切照旧everything just remains我大概能够记起一些原先的事物and I could sort of remember some of the things that are there.刚才的声音是我做的一个很好的声音定位Thats really good sound localization by me.你们从下面往讲台上看So youre looking up觉得自己感知并记住了这个场景and you think you have a sense of the world both in perception and memory.而变化盲视实验则表明事实并非
7、如此The change-blindness experiment suggested this isnt true.变化盲视实验表明The change-blindness experiment suggests that如果你盯着我看一小会if you look at me for a second 而在这段时间里and during that second你所有的同学 包括坐在你旁边的同学all of your classmates change positions,都换了座位including those next to you,你是很难注意到的you are extremely un
8、likely to notice.变化盲视实验表明The change-blindness experiment suggests如果你将目光从我身上挪到那边去that if you turn your eyes away from me towards there停留片刻 然后再看回来for a second and turn back,即便我换了一身完全不同的衣服and Im dressed entirely differently,你也不会注意到you wouldnt notice.除非你有意识地告诉自己The exceptions would be if you told yourse
9、lf consciously,记住这个人的衣着remember what this guy is wearing;他穿的是这样那样的衣服Hes wearing this, that and the other.但如果你并不是有意识地去观察But if you dont do it consciously那你就不会注意到了youll lose it,通常情况下 这是没问题的and usually this is okay.通常来说没什么问题Usually, its okay是因为你的记忆系统和视觉系统because your memory and your visual system会应用一个关
10、于宇宙万物的基本事实exploits a basic fact about the universe,这个事实就是which is that多数事物在大部分的时间里是保持不变的most things stay the same most of the time.我转头的时候I dont have to explicitly remember并不需要明确地记住that youre over there你是在那里的when I turn my head for a second因为无论如何 你还是会在那里because youll be over there in any case.你不需要拥有关
11、于世界的准确表征You dont need to hold precise representations of the world.所以只有在某些特定情况下And so you only notice it你才会注意到这些变化in certain clever circumstances.一种特定情况是心理学家们One sort of clever circumstance is when psychologists change reality在变化盲视实验中改变现实场景as in the change-blindness studies.另一种情况就是电影A second sort of
12、 circumstance is in movies.人们在制作那些含有切换画面的电影时So, one of the big surprises会惊奇地发现when people started making movies involving cuts想要连续地理解电影中的一切was it is extremely difficult是极其困难的to get everything continuously right.你要非常努力才能注意到这一点And you need to work very hard to notice.电影里到处都是这种一致性错误So, theres all of th
13、ese continuity errors that creep up into movies而你必须得像电影爱好者那样and you have to be a film buff把错误记录下来and writing it down才会注意到这种情况to even notice this.所以变化盲视在总体上所表达的寓意便是And the overall moral here then is 你对现实的感知程度远比你想象中的that your perception of reality is a lot more sparse, a lot more limited,更加稀少 也更加有限tha
14、n you might think it is.这就是我们在上节课的最后所讲的内容So, this is where we were at the end of last class.我们讲了不同种类的记忆We were talking about the different sorts of memories.感觉记忆 即你对当下的所见所闻Sensory memory, which is the sort of fraction of a second 在瞬间的感觉残留of sensory residue of what youre hearing and what youre seeing
15、,工作记忆 短时记忆 working memory, short-term memory, 然后是长时记忆and then long-term memory.我们上节课讲了And we talked last class外界信息是如何进入感觉记忆about how things get into sensory memory,又是如何进入工作记忆的into working memory,以及注意在其中所起到的作用the role of attention.实际上 对变化盲视的各种研究And in fact, the change-blindness studies are actually just studies正是在探查信息如何从感知进入意识of how something gets from your senses to your consciousness以及哪些信息能够进入意识 哪些不能and what does and what doesnt.现在我想讲一下Now I want to move to the distinction 工作记忆 短时记忆between working memory, short-term memory, 和长时记忆之间
