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1、1. Early modern EnglandTudor and Stuart England reigns 1480-1710sFaces on the coins: great figures who gave their names to the age 1. Notorious Henry VIII and his six unfortunate wives who are always difficult to remember in the right order.( divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived)2.
2、 Stunning and perplexing Queen Elizabeth I-GlorianaThe virgin queen (joke, whether you imagine her as Cate Blanchett. Or Judi Dench)3. Four Stuart Kings1 James I “the wisest fool in Christendom”, a man who after an adventurous youth as a King of Scotland and became a King of England.2 Charles I (his
3、 son) whose policies precipitated civil war in the middle 17 century, and was eventually put on trail and executed by his own people in 1649.3 Charles II (his son) restored to the throne after ten years of republican government (1649-1659 Oliver Cromwell) known as the “Merry Monarch”, famous for hav
4、ing innumerable mistresses and 14 illegitimate children.4 James II (his brother) former Duke of York, came to the throne. After three years, was driven from it in the second English Revolution of the 17 century, and driven into exile, later known as the King over the water.It has been said that two
5、of the Stuart Kings were politically astute狡猾的, but morally defective, and two were virtuous men, whose political ineptitude cost them the throne. Oliver Cromwell- He was born and died on September 3rd, also fought his two greatest battles on September 3rd. The greatest Puritan General. 清教领袖 The lor
6、d protector of the English republic between 1653 to 1658. A quite extraordinary figure, ahead of time on religious toleration.Early modern EnglandThe broad period between the end of 15 century and the middle of 18 century.This was a time of great events: the Reformation; the civil wars of 17 century
7、; the foundations of the first British Empire.Besides these rules, others like Shakespeare, Milton, diarist Samuel Pepys ( you say Peeps), the Proto-democrat John Lilburne, the early feminist writer Mary AstellIn 1500, England was very much a personal monarchy, the King really ruled.By 1700, a const
8、itutional monarchy, in which the centre of political life is a sitting elected Parliament, and it was not a King of England, but United Kingdom of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales.In 1500, England: Catholic, Christendom, practice late medieval CatholicismIn 1700, Protestant 新教政策In 1500, a local
9、ized economy of peasant families and urban craftsmenBy 1700, a commercialized market economyIn 1500, illiterateBy 1700, literacy widespread; a print culture; the first English language newspaperIn 1509, Edmund Dudley, laid imprisoned in the tower of LondonHe wrote a book Henry VIII“Commonwealth” has
10、 four roots: 1. Love of Gods 2. Justice 3. Trust 4. ConcordIt also has four fruits: 1. Tranquility 2. Good example 3. Worldly prosperity 4. The honor of GodThree estates or orders: 1. Clergy 2. Chivalry 骑士: Dukes公爵, nights普通骑士, esquires侍从, gentlemen绅士 3. Commonalty 平民2 Hierarchy 等级1. King: “anoinite
11、d of God”2. Chivalry (beneath the crown)：peerage 世袭贵族; gentry 绅士阶层1 Peerage: Inheritable titles: dukes 公爵；earls 侯爵；marquises 伯爵；viscounts 子爵；barons 男爵；lords 勋爵特权：1. Only be tried by their peers, in the House of Lords when Parliament sat. 只能在上议院上由贵族审判2. Had the right to sit in Parliament by virtue of
12、 their birth and social position. 由出身和社会地位直接进入议会Churchmen 神职人员：(在上议院中)The bishop主教, and the abbot of great monasteries 大修道院院长 both sat in the Parliament in the House of Lords 不停之处Distinction:Their position were not inheritable. They were pointed by the pope 国王 Gentry : knight 骑士；esquires 侍从；mere gen
13、tlemen 一般绅士1. Knights were created by the monarch for service mainly in war or in government. “dubbing the knights” 授予In 16 century, they were usually selected to be made knights from amongest the leading families of each of 40 countries of the kingdom.2. Enquires 3. Mere gentlemen : No titles, exce
14、pt the right to be called “Mister” 先生; had the right to bear a coat of arms.In summary, peerage & churchmen & gentry were the principal landowners of England and Wales.A study showed that in 16 century, peerage accounted for 27% of the land; gentry 46%, all the rest belonged to churchmen.Land: incom
15、es, the rents were paid to the landowners. 地租收入是主要来源A source of power over tenants; “lordship” over men. 贵族身份In rural society 农村社会Commonalty: people divided into four subordinate groups: yeomen 约曼；husbandmen自耕农；craftsmen and tradesmen手工艺者和小买卖者；cottagers and laborers 耕农和苦力1. Yeomen: defined as being
16、owner-occupies who possessed freehold lands. 自有土地的农场主, but most of them were tenant farmers. 农场租户What is crucial is substantial tenant farmers 农场承租人: they employ labor and produce surplus2. Husbandmen: small family farmers, with holdings of under 30 acres or so .小家庭式农场主， 大部分自有土地30英亩, but replying on their direct family l
