《语言学教程 第三版 Chapter 2-Speech Soundppt课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学教程 第三版 Chapter 2-Speech Soundppt课件（82页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、 Chapter2 SpeechSounds 主讲人史宝辉 2 0Briefintroduction2 1Howspeechsoundsaremade 2 1 1Speechorgans2 1 2TheIPA2 2Consonantsandvowels2 2 1Consonants2 2 2Vowels2 2 3ThesoundsofEnglish2 3Fromphoneticstophonology2 3 1Coarticulationandphonetictranscription2 3 2Phonemes2 3 3Allophones2 4Phonologicalprocesses ph
2、onologicalrulesanddistinctivefeatures2 4 1Assimilation2 4 2Epenthesis ruleorderingandtheElsewhereCondition2 4 3Distinctivefeatures2 5Suprasegmentals2 5 1Thesyllablestructure2 5 2Stress2 5 3Intonation2 5 4Tone Ashumanbeingswearecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds butonlysomeofthesesoundshavebecomeunitsin
3、thelanguagesystem Wecananalyzespeechsoundsfromvariousperspectivesandthetwomajorareasofstudyarephoneticsandphonology Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced transmitted andperceived Naturally thestudyofsoundsisdividedintothreemainareas eachdealingwithonepartoftheprocess ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthes
4、tudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedin
5、languages andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur Inphonologywenormallybeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage sayEnglish inordertodetermineitsphonologicalstructure i e whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether Thenwecomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesaboutther
6、ulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem andultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages 1 Whatisacousticphonetics 人大2003研 答案 Acousticphoneticsisatechnicalareaoflinguistics Itisthestudyofsoundwavesmadebythehumanvocalorgansforcommunication 2 Auditoryphoneticsstudieshowsound
7、sareperceivedbythespeaker 清华2001研 答案 F 2 1 1Speechorgans Positionofthevocalfolds voiceless Positionofthevocalfolds voicing initial thewidestaperture Positionofthevocalfolds glottalstop Speechorgans orvocalorgans thosepartsofhumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech Thepharynx mouth andnoseformthethre
8、ecavitiesofthevocaltract Speechsoundsareproducedwithanairstreamastheirsourcesofenergy Intheoralandnasalcavities themouthandthenoseareoftenreferredto respectively astheoralcavityandthenasalcavity Thevocalfoldsareeitherapart closetogether ortotallyclosed Apart theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundprod
9、ucedissaidtobevoiceless e g consonants p s t Closetogether theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobevoiced e g b z d arevoicedconsonants Totallyclosed noaircanpassbetweenthem Theresultofthisgestureistheglottalstop 2 1 2TheIPA In1886 thePhoneticTeachers Association
10、wasinauguratedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachersinFrancewhohadfoundthepracticeofphoneticsusefulintheirteachingandwishedtopopularizetheirmethods ItwaschangedtoitspresenttitleoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation IPA in1897 OneofthefirstactivitiesoftheAssociationwastoproduceajournalinwhichthecontentswere
11、printedentirelyinphonetictranscription TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersen 1860 1943 in1886 and ThefirstversionoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet theIPAchart waspublishedinAugust1888 Itsmainprincipleswerethat thereshouldbeaseparatele
12、tterforeachdistinctivesound thesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears and thealphabetwastoconsistofasmanyRomanalphabetlettersaspossible usingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhenabsolutelynecessary Theseprinciplescontinuetobefollowedtoday Theconsonantsarethendividedintopulmonicand
13、non pulmonicconsonants PULMONICsoundsareproducedbypushingairoutofthelungs asinmostcircumstances NON PULMONICsoundsareproducedbyeithersuckingairintothemouth inthecaseofclicks orclosingtheglottisandmanipulatingtheairbetweentheglottisandaplaceofarticulationfurtherforwardinthevocaltract asisthecaseofimp
14、losivesandejectives The othersymbols areactuallyagroupofconsonantsthatinvolvemorethanoneplaceormannerofarticulation whichcannotbeplacedintooneoftheslotsintheconsonantchart TheDIACRITICSareadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation
15、 Thesuprasegmentalsareusedtorepresentstressandsyllables whereasthelastgroupofsymbolsisusedtoshowtonaldifferencesandintonationpatterns 一 术语解释IPA 南开大学2004研 答案 IPA theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888 IPAisasetofsymbolswhichcanbeusedto
16、representthephonesandphonemesofnaturallanguages 二 简答题Whatarethethreepartsofthevocalorgans 3points 清华2001研 答案 Thepharynx themouthandthenosearethethreepartsofthevocalorgans 三 论述题IsEnglishalanguagethatusesaphoneticalphabetsystem Explainbrieflywhyorwhynotwithexamples 15points 北外2004研 答案 ThePhoneticAlphabetisasystemoflettersandsymbolsthatareusedtorepresenttheindividualsoundsofalanguage Englishisalanguagethatusesaphoneticalphabetsystembecauseitisaphonographiclanguagebynature Therearemainlythreetypesof
