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1、 Chapter3Morphology Morphology asasub branchoflinguistics referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed Generallyspeaking morphologycanfurtherdividedintotwobroadcategories namely inflectional 屈折 morphologyandderivationalmophology whicharebothconcernedwiththesmallestun
2、itatthegrammaticallevel 1 Word Word aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative speakers whetherspokenorwritten1 1Threesensesof word 1 Aphysicallydefinableunit Wordmaybeseenasaclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentowpausesorblanks 2 Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm boy boy
3、scheck checks checked checking 3 Agrammaticalunit sentenceclausephrasewordmorpheme 1 2Identificationofwords 1 Stability theconstituentpartsofacomplexwordcannotberearrangedchairman manchairThechairmanlookedattheaudience Theaudiencelookedatthechairman 2 Relativeuninterruptibility Newelementscannotbein
4、sertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaword disappointmentdis appoint mentPaul Jane andRebeccaaremyclassmates 3 Aminimumfreeform thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself e g IsJanecomingtonight Possibly Hi Wonderful 1 3Classificationofwords 1 Variablevs invariablewords Varia
5、blewords Onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordforms ontheotherhand partofthewordremainsconstantfollow follows following followed mat matsInvariablewords thosewordssuchassince when seldom through hello Theydonothaveinflectiveendings 2 Grammaticalwordsvs lexicalwords Grammati
6、calwords expressgrammaticalmeanings suchasconjunctions prepositions articles pronounsLexicalwords havelexicalmeanings thosewhichrefertosubstance actionandquality suchasnouns verbs adjectives andadverbs Thelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguage contentwords andthegrammaticalwordsservetolinkthedif
7、ferentpartsofasentencetogether functionwords 3 Closed classwordsvs open classwords Closed class awordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited Newmembersarenotregularlyadded Pronouns prepositions conjunctions articles etc Open class Awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited Nouns verbs adjectives a
8、dverbsNote Thedistinctionisnotquiteasclear cutasitseems Prepositions regarding throughout outof accordingto withregardto inspiteof bemeansof Auxiliaryverbs 4 Wordclass ItisclosetothenotionofPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar Tenwordclassesareestablished noun pronoun adjective verb adverb preposition
9、conjunction numeral interjection article Somenewcategories A Particles 小品词 theinfinitemarker to thenegativemarker not thesubordinateunitsinphrasalverbs getby doup lookback turnin etc B Auxiliaries 助动词 usedtoberegardedasverbs linguiststendtodefinethemasaseparatewordclassratherthanverbs suchasdo does
10、did will shall have has had etc C Pro form 替代形式 referstotheclosedsetsofitemswhichcanbeusedtosubstituteforanominalgroup 名词词组 orasinglenoun Pro adjective Yourpenisred Soismine Pro verb HeknowsEnglishbetterthanhedid Pro adverb Hehopeshe llwinandIhopesotoo Pro locative 代处所词 Jame shidingthere behindthedo
11、or D Determiners 限定词 wordswhichareusedbeforethenounactingasheadofanounphrase anddeterminethekindofreferencethenounphrasehas e g the a n some allTherearethreesubclassesofdeterminers 1 Predeterminers all both half double twice threetimes one third one fifth2 Centraldeterminers a an the this that these
12、 those every each some any no either neither my our your his her its their 3 Postdeterminers cardinalnumerals 基数词 ordinalnumerals 序数词 generalordinals 一般顺序词 next last past an other additionalandotherquantifierslikemany afew several much little alotof plentyof agreatdealof agreatnumberofWhendifferents
13、ub classesofdeterminersoccurtogether theyfollowtheorderofpredeterminers centraldeterminers postdeterminers Withineachsubclass themembersareusuallyexclusiveofeachother theiralltroublealltheirtrouble fivetheallboysallthefiveboys allthisboyalltheseboys allbothgirlsButordinalnumeralsandgeneralordinalsma
14、yoccurbeforecardinalnumerals thefirsttwodaysanotherthreeweeks Theformationofword Morphemes Technically amorphemeisdefinedasaminimalmeaningfulunitinthegrammaticalsystemofalanguage Thecomponentsofawordareknownasmorphemes Theythemselvescannotbefurtheranalyzed chairman chair mantownhall town hallboys bo
15、y schecking check ingdisappointment dis appoint ment Morpheme theminimalunitofmeaning Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes e g 1 morphemeboy desire2 morphemeboy ish desir e ble3 morphemeboy ish ness desir e bl e ity4 morphemegentle man li ness un desir e abl e ity5
16、 morphemeun gentle man li ness6 morphemedis establish ment ari an ism7 morphemeanti dis establish ment ari an ism Sememevs Morpheme andPhonemevs Morpheme 1 Sememevs morphemeSememe 义素 isthesmallestcomponentofmeaning e g Themorpheme shasonlyonesememe PLURALITY meaningmorethanone Therelationshipbetweensememeandmorpheme fivemappingandnon mappingoccasions i Onemorphemevs onesememeOnemorphemehasonlyonesememe e g less meaningWITHOUTfearless careless ceaseless countless doubtless shameless faceless spee
