《中考语法第一讲名词 冀教.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《中考语法第一讲名词 冀教.doc（8页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、中考语法第一讲名词名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：1. 一般情况加s,如：pen-pens, doctor-doctors,boy-boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:map-map ， boy-boys.2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es，如：bus-buses,cla
2、ss-classes,其读音为iz。3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s，其读音为iz。4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作z，如：factory-factories,country-countries, family-families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boy-boys,day-days。5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的则只加s，如：tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes;photo-photos,radio-radios,piano-pia
3、nos6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knife-knives, leaf-leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:man-men,woman-women, child-children, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, mouse-mice8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示
4、有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers(二) 正误辨析误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因
5、是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.误Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.误My glasse
6、s is broken.正My glasses are broken.误I want to buy two shoes.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses-眼镜，shoes-鞋，trousers-裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形
7、式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo-zoos,piano-pianos.误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。误There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰
8、，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.误I want a few water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.误Toms and Marys family are wa
9、iting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这
10、样的集合名词有：family class, team等。误Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.误Please giv
11、e me two waters.正Please give me two glasses of water.正Please give me two coffees.析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth例： Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee可以用
12、coffees来取代many cups of coffee.误Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes walk.误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析
13、英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如： room为可数名词时为房间，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林误There is a flowers garden behind my house.正There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一
14、般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。误My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, shee
15、p, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。误I offered my son my congratulation on his success.正I offered my son my congratulations on his success.析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.误We have five German
