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1、1 ScientificWriting Rhea BethMarkowitz PhDMedicalCollegeofGeorgiaAugusta Georgia USArbmarkowitz mcg edu 2 Anaturalist slifewouldbeahappyoneifhehadonlytoobserveandnevertowrite CharlesDarwin 3 Outline Session1 ElementsofScientificWritingSession2 HowtoWriteaManuscriptSession3 PublicationPractices Ethic
2、sSession4 CommonProblemAreasSession5 HowtoPublish WesternJournal Sessions6 7 CritiquesofyourwritingSession8 Questions Review 4 Session1 Topics Whatisscientificwriting Howdoesitdifferfromwritingingeneral Grammar otherwritingessentialsPlainlanguageReferenceBooks 5 Whatisscientificwriting Howdoesitdiff
3、erfromotherwriting 6 NotpoeticorfloweryMoredirectandtothepointPassivevoice NO Wordy doesn tneedtobe Moreprecise 7 Ourgoalistomakescientificwritingreadableandeasytounderstand 8 Grammar OtherWritingEssentials 9 Sentence Consistsofsubject verb andobjectKeepsubjectandverbclosetogether Serologicstudiesha
4、veshownthatprimaryinfectionusuallyoccursduringchildhood Eachsentenceshouldmakeasinglepoint20 22wordspersentence 10 Whatthereaderexpectsinasentence MainactionofthesentenceisexpressedinthemainverbSubjectistheagentoftheaction iftheagentisimportant SentencetellsastoryInthisreport wedescribeasystematicst
5、udyoftheroleofimmunodeficiencyinBKVandJCVviruria 11 Subjectisatthebeginningofthesentence unlessthereisadependentclause Inwhichcase subjectwillimmediatelyfollowtheclauseAsidefromthekinasedomainandphosphorylationsites virtuallynothingisknownaboutstructure functionrelationshipsintheenzyme Verbimmediate
6、lyfollowsthesubject 12 PositionsintheSentence Topicpositionisatthebeginningofthesentence ContainsoldinformationLinksusbackwardStresspositionshouldbeatendofthesentence PointofclosureReceivesspecialemphasisNewinformation 13 Inotherwords Thebeginningofthesentence topicposition willeitherlookforwardtoth
7、erest i e offercontext orwilllookbackward i e providelinkage Theendofthesentence stressposition willcontainthenew importantinformation 14 DigestionofarchetypevirusshouldgivearadiolabeledSacIfragmentof129bpandaradiolabeledSphIfragmentof175bp 15 Whicharetopicandstresspositions Digestionofarchetypeviru
8、sshouldgivearadiolabeledSacIfragmentof129bpandaradiolabeledSphIfragmentof175bp 16 Voice activevspassive Activevoice whensubjectperformstheactionoftheverbPassivevoice whensubjectundergoestheactionoftheverbUsuallyconsistsofpartofverb tobe andpastparticipleofverb 17 Passivevoice Makessentencesmorewordy
9、 complicatedUsedtoberecommendedforscientificwritingNOTANYMORE UsewhenagentisnotimportantCellswereculturedinDME Doesnotmatterwhoculturedthem 18 Activevoice AddsactiontothesentenceAddsinterestMakessentencesshorterWeanalyzed 19 Convertpassivetoactive Lookforburiedverbshiddeninwordsthatendin ionAcareful
10、inspectionoftheesophagealmucosaisperformedastheendoscopeiswithdrawn Thephysicianinspectstheesophagealmucosaastheendoscopeiswithdrawn 20 Twoofthemostcommonerrorsmadeinscientificwriting Subject verbdisagreementDanglingparticiples 21 Subject VerbDisagreement Problem easytoforgetwhatthesubjectis singula
11、rorplural whenweuselongstringsofphrasestomodifyitSolution readthesentence omittingthemodifyingphrases sothatsubjectandverbaretogetherSingularsubjectusessingularverb Pluralsubjectusespluralverb 22 Theincidenceofbasalcellcarcinomaandsquamouscellcarcinomaofskin is are estimatedtoexceedonemillionperyear
12、 Subjectisincidence singular thereforeuseisBUT 23 Basalcellcarcinomaandsquamouscellcarcinomaofskinareestimatedtooccurinoveronemillionperyear Subjectisplural twocarcinomas thereforeuseare 24 DanglingParticiples Participle formofverbthatactsasanadjectivee g hanging trappedDanglingwhentheimpliedsubject
13、oftheparticipleisnotthesameasthesubjectofthesentence 25 Wrappedaroundthespinalcord thesurgeonfoundalargetumor Wasthesurgeonwrappedaroundthespinalcord Orthetumor Sentencesaysthesurgeonwas Changeto Thesurgeonfoundalargetumorwrappedaroundthespinalcord 26 DanglingparticiplesoftenoccurinpassivevoiceSolut
14、ion useactivevoice 27 Stringsofpearls ToomanymodifiersinarowSticktoonly2or3UsehyphensforclarificationPatientBwasa57 year old right handed Caucasianmanwhowasadmitted 28 DiagrammingSentences lausd k12 ca us lausd offices di Burleson Lessons TS diagram htmhttp www ccc mnet edu grammar diagrams diagrams
15、 htm 29 UseofTensesinScientificWriting DifferentpartsofascientificpaperusedifferenttensesWhenafacthasbeenpublishedorisestablished usePresentTheprincipalmechanismofdouble strandbreakrepairinhumansisnonhomologousendjoining Ifafactisnotgeneralizedorfromaspecificexperiment usePastWecharacterizedtheeffec
16、tsofmutationsatserine260and 30 Whenobservationshavebeenrepeatedorgofrompasttopresent usePresentPerfectWehaveshownthat Whenreferringtofiguresortables usePresentFigure2isamassspectrometryanalysisof 31 Methods Inapaper usePastGSTproteinswerepurifiedasdescribed Inagrant useFutureThefull lengthcodingregionwillbeexcisedfromtheEcoRIsite 32 Person Itisperfectlygoodtousethefirstpersoninscientificwriting WeperformedHPLC Weandothershaveshown Orthethirdperson Jonesandcolleaguesreportedthat 33 Redundancy Rem
