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1、12月英语四六级考试阅读提高练习9)Computer Use in School EducationAccompanying the developments in computing as a subject for study there has been a corresponding growth in the use of the computer as an aid to teaching across the curriculum. The government offer of half-price computers led to the installation of a
2、large number of school microcomputer systems at a time when there was very little educational software. At the same time there was an explosive demand for introductory courses, at first for secondary teachers and later, when the offer was extended to primary schools, for primary teachers. It would b
3、e impossible, and inappropriate, to make every teacher into a computer programming expert.What the teacher needs to know is how to connect up a system. And how to load and run programs. Once these skills have been acquired the much more important topic of the evaluation of. computer-based teaching m
4、aterials can be addressed.The Unintelligent MachineOver the past 20 years the amount of computing power available for a given sum of money has approximately doubled every two years, and it looks as if this trend will continue in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, the fundamental logical desi
5、gn of computers is much the same as at the beginning of this period. The revolution has been one of scale and cost rather than a change in the kinds of things which computers can do. One might have expected therefore that by now we would know the best way in which computers can be used to help with
6、the educational process.In the early sixties, programmed learning was looked on as the pathway to mechanize the learning process. But teaching machines of the time were inflexible and unresponsive. It was soon recognized that computers provide a much higher level of interaction with the student. Res
7、ponses need not be restricted to multiple-choice button pushing, but can involve the recognition of words or numbers related to the context of the subject.In order to present information and questions to the student and to provide for appropriate branching, depending on the responses, some form of p
8、rogramming language is required. COURSEWRITER and later PILOT are author languages which allow someone without technical knowledge of computing to prepare programs of this kind. Text and graphics can be displayed, responses analyzed, and appropriate action taken.A tool such as this might seem to put
9、 considerable power in the hands of the teacher and yet such systems are hardly used at all in our schools. One reason is that the preparation of course material using an author language is, like that for videodisc systems, a very time-consuming business. A figure of 20 to 100 hours of preparation i
10、s quoted for each hour of student time at the computer. Such an investment is only worthwhile if the material can be used by a large number of students, and that assumes that the necessary resources in time and hardware are actually available.There is a more fundamental reason for lack of progress i
11、n computer-based tutorial systems and this relates to the fundamental lack of intelligence on the part of the computer. It is easy to generate drill and practice exercises which test a students ability to produce response. It is quite another matter to provide useful advice if the response is wrong.
12、 The human teacher has a mental model of the student and can make a reasonable estimate of why a particular wrong answer has been produced. The longer the teacher has been in contact with that student the better he or she is able to offer constructive advice. The kind of system discussed above has n
13、o such model of the student on which to make decisions, nor does it have access to the large body of subject knowledge which is held by the human teacher. Its responses therefore must be stereotyped and unintelligent.Further evidence of the lack of machine intelligence is the failure to make compute
14、r understand natural language. We talk about programming languages for computers, but these are not languages in the ordinary sense. They are just systems of coding which provide a highly stylized way of writing down the solutions to particular sorts of problems. The tact that programs in these lang
15、uages, although made up largely of English words and some well-known mathematical symbols, are unintelligible to the layCf-ff W) reader indicates the gulf which still exists between the kind of verbal instructions which can be given to another human, and the coded instructions required by the comput
16、er. One expert has argued that the construction of an intelligent machine is a logical impossibility. Many researchers in this area would dispute such a claim, but so far they cannot provide the essential demonstration to the contrary.The development of expert systems, which can provide advice and information on the basis of human experience which is fed into them, is one step in the direction of machine intelligence. However, such systems are limited to k
