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1、第二讲定语及定语从句思维导图.定语1修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。2定语可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。3定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作前置定语)那个漂亮的女孩是她的女儿。The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)正在修复的那幢楼是我们的图书馆。.定语从句一、必须掌握的定语从句的3个概念及2种分类1定语从句在复合句中，修饰名词或
2、代词的从句叫作定语从句。The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语)定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。2先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：(1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)This is the place which is worth visiting.这是值得参观的地方。He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。(2)一个短语Many lifes probl
3、ems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。(3)一个分句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，which took root in Eur
4、ope long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点是在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。(4)一个完整的句子I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到
5、的原因。3关系词引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。Beijing, which is the capital city of China，is a verybeautiful city.4分类(1)限制性定语从句它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？The ti
6、me when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇见怀特先生的时候是一个我一生中非常困难的时期。(2)非限制性定语从句它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。The old woman，who lives on her own, has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。He whispered to me the news，which was
7、really amazing.他低声告诉我这个消息，它真令人惊叹。二、正确使用关系词1关系代词关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose (of whom/of which)人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)which物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)as人或物主语、宾语Those who are interested in the film can contact me.对该电影感兴趣的可与我联系。My daughter，whose job requires her to do a
8、lot of travelling，is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。名师指津 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。2两组关系词的区别(1)4种只用that而不用which的情况：先行词是不定代词或者先
9、行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能
10、做的事情。先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末搭配上无动
11、词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等意思上意为“这一点”表示“正如，正像的那样”She married again，which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。She married again，as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。名师指津 as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such名词as(像一样的，像之类的)；such(pron.)as(像一样的，像之类的)；the same名词as(和同样的)。We have found such materials as are
12、 used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。3关系副词关系副词先行词句法功能when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。The Voice of China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music，where s
13、ome have stood out among them.中国好声音为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didnt study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。名师指津 当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。They have reached the point where
14、they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。4“介词关系词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能用法指津名词(代词)介词关系代词主语可转化为“whose名词”结构数词(形容词最高级)of关系代词主语数词还可以用some，many，most，each等不定代词替换介词(短语)关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换介词关系代词名词状语关系代词常用which 和whose介词关系副词状语有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或toRecently，I bought an ancie
15、nt vase，the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。He has ten cousins，the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。Lily might possibly come，in which case Ill ask her.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。There is a big window in my room，from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词1如果
