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1、语法精讲强化系列五、代词、介词和介词短语 (一)代词考纲解读在句中用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。近3年来, 高考重点考查不定代词和人称代词, 所考题量占所考代词总量的60%左右, 其次是it的用法和替代词。试题的设计注重语境设置, 要求考生将文章上下文意思联系起来填用正确的代词。因此, 做题时要在熟练掌握各类代词基本用法的基础上, 特别注意上下文句意和句子结构的分析。考题链接. 单句语法填空1. (2019全国卷)In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves (your) in the hist
2、orical environment what is created for them. 2. (2019北京高考)Some students dont have a reliable car, while others have to share vehicles with parents who work six days a week. 3. (2018全国卷)Running is cheap, easy and its always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get t
3、he same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give it a try. 4. (2018全国卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them(they)alive. . 单句改错5. (2018全国卷)They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. (us改为me)6. (2018全国卷)I had done myself home
4、work, but I was shy. (myself改为my)解题思路1. 掌握代词知识, 建立知识网络。人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词等都是考生要掌握的内容。考生平时应多注意积累典型例题, 真正理解代词的用法和特征。(1)如果空格后是名词, 则空格处多用形容词性物主代词(my, your, her等)、指示代词(this, that, these等)、不定代词(few, little, many, much, all, each, both, neither, other等)、名词所有格或形容词等对其进行修饰。(2)如果空格前是动词, 就应
5、考虑用人称代词的宾格形式(him, me, her等)和反身代词(myself, himself等)。(3)如果后面有不定式、动词的-ing形式或从句, 且句子缺少主语或宾语, 则考虑是否用it作形式主语或形式宾语。2. 体会数量概念, 确定肯定与否定。确定不定代词的指代范围, 是两者还是多者, 是肯定意义还是否定意义, 是全部否定还是部分否定。3. 理解名词的特点, 然后使用恰当的替代词。在一个句子中, 当一个名词两次出现在句子中时, 为了避免重复, 往往用代词来替代它。做题时, 首先要分析句子成分, 看看前面出现的名词的特点。如果前面出现的是可数名词, 就要分析句子后面再次出现这个名词时是
6、特指还是泛指, 是单数还是复数。如果是单数且泛指, 就用one来替代, one相当于“a(n)+单数可数名词”; 如果是泛指, 而且是复数形式, 就用ones替代; 如果是不可数名词, 或者是特指的单数可数名词, 就用that替代, 相当于“the+单数可数名词/不可数名词”。that后一般有限定成分, 其复数形式是those, those相当于“the+可数名词复数形式”。4. 分析句子结构, 明确代词it的功能。it的指代范围很广, 可以指代上文提到的事物, 也可以指代动物、性别不明的婴儿或者未弄清身份的人, 还可以指代天气、时间、距离、自然现象或环境等。it还可以作形式主语或形式宾语,
7、也可用在一些特殊的句型中, 这就需要分析句子成分, 明确代词it的功能。考点清单考点1 代词基本用法代词是代替名词、短语和句子起名词作用的词。代词主要包括九类: 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词(只有两个: each other和one another)、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。关系代词和连接代词隶属于复合句部分。常见人称代词、物主代词及反身代词如下表所述: (2019全国卷)The microorganisms from _(we) bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Spac
8、e Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. 解题关键: 根据句子结构可知, 名词bodies前应用形容词性物主代词。答案判定: our考点2 it的用法1. it作人称代词的用法(1)指事物作为人称代词, it可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。*Its hard work, but I enjoy it. (2)指人it指人时主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。*There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 2. it作非人称代词的用法(1
9、)基本用法it作非人称代词时, 主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等。(2)常用句型Its time for sth. 该做某事了。Its time to do sth. 到该做某事的时候了。Its time for sb. to do sth. 某人该做某事了。Its (about/high) time+that从句某人(早)该做某事了。(从句谓语用一般过去时, 有时也用“should+动词原形”)Its the first (second. . . ) time+that从句这是某人第一(二)次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)Its+时间段+since从句自从有多长时间了。Its
10、+时间段+before从句过了多长时间才3. it作形式主语(宾语)的用法it常作形式主语(宾语), 替代动词不定式、动名词或者主语从句。(1)it作形式主语的句型It+be+adj. +(for sb. )to do sth. 常用于此句型的形容词有: easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible等。*It is necessary to change your job. It+be+adj. +of sb. to do sth. 此句型中的形容词描述的是人的品德、特征。常用于该句型的形容词有: kind, nice, wis
11、e, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。*How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance! It+be+n. (+for sb. /sth. )+to do sth. 用于此句型的名词(短语)有: a pity, a shame, a pleasure, fun, a joy, good manners, bad manners等。*It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old. I
12、t+be+adj. /n. +doing sth. 用于此句型的形容词和名词(短语)常见的有: no/little use, no/much good, useless, fun等。*Its no use crying over spilt milk. It+be+n. /adj. +主语从句。在“It is natural/necessary /important/strange+that从句”中, 从句的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”, 且should可以省略。*Its necessary and important that one should master the skill
13、s of operating computers. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 某人做某事花了一段时间。(2)it作形式宾语的情况主语+believe/find/feel/think/guess/suppose/make+it+adj. +不定式/动名词/从句。*I feel it hard to climb the hill. 某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先加it, 然后接从句, 有此用法的动词(短语)有: like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on, rely on, count on等。*I
14、hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 单句语法填空(2019江苏高考)Why does _matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? 解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为形式主语it, 真正主语为后面的that从句。答案判定: it考点3 不定代词的用法1. something, anything, nothing的用法2. both, all, either, any, neither, none的用法3. none, no one/nobody,
15、 nothing的用法 单句改错(2019全国卷)You can use me as a last resort, and if anybody else volunteers, then I will do it. 解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处表示“如果没有别人当志愿者”, 应用不定代词nobody。答案判定: anybody改为nobody. 单句语法填空1. (2019全国卷)Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his (he) lunch at the bar. 2. (2019浙江6月高考)Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Hearthe earned one himself (him) in a war as a soldier. 3. (2019浙江6月高考)And while many took dollars
