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1、暑假专题 动词不定式一. 本周教学内容:暑假专题动词不定式动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。常见的形式如下所示(以及物动词do为例),不及物动词没有被动语态。时态语态主动to do被动to be done一般式to be doing进行式完成式to have doneto have been done 完成进行式to have been doing1. 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语,大致上有三种情况。1)有些及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为动词+不定式。例如:afford aim agre
2、e arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long(渴望) mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 例如: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。2)有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不
3、定式作补语,即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如: ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如:I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3)有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如:
4、decide know consider forget learn remember show wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如:Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。2. 不定式作补语 1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:advise allow cause challen
5、ge command compel drive(驱使) enable encourageforbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。注意:有些动词如make,hav
6、e,get,want等可用不定式作宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。2)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know 例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(to be 不能省去)典型例题Charles Babbage is
7、generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外的不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。3)有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如:believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish unders
8、tand 例如: We didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。3. 不定式作主语 不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 例如:Its so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
9、Its very kind of you to help us.你帮助我们,你真好。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is to的句型。另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语。例如:(对)To teach is to learn. (错)It is to learn to teach.(错)To teach is learning.(错)Teaching is to learn.典型例题The chair looks rather
10、 hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。4. Its for sb.和 Its of sb.这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。 1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossi
11、ble等:例如:Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法:用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。例如:You are nice.(通顺,
12、所以应用of)。He is hard. (非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。)5. 不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。6. 不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如:I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空
13、空。 7. 不定式作状语 1)目的状语常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such) as to(如此以便)。例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。He searched t
14、he room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。3)表原因Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。 4)表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully.8. 用作介词的to to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标志。下面的to 都用作介词:admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to(
15、开始) look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to9. 省去to 的动词不定式 1)情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后。2)使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。注意:被动语态中不能省去to。例如: I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss