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1、2012届高考英语考前冲刺精选语法知识定语从句难点解析一、如何正确使用连接主从句的引导词一个定语从句的引导词是用关系代词还是关系副词,这是同学们首先遇到的一个难题,由于把握不准,所以出错较多。请看以下例子:1.A. That is the school _we studied three years ago.B. That is the school _ we built three years ago. 2.A. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he gave me the film copy.B. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he
2、 fixed for me to have the operation.3.A. Beijing is a city _ there is the famous Summer Palace.B. Beijing is Chinas political and cultural center, _ has the most universities.通过解析我们可知:判断是用关系代词还是关系副词要看先行词在从句中的指代。如果是谓语与状语的关系,就用关系副词,如果是主谓或是动宾关系就用关系代词。二、弄清几个问题1. 区别清It +be引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子:A. It
3、 was September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.B. It was on September 11, 2001_ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.A. It was Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.B. It was in Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.去掉It was
4、和连接词(横线部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句;否则,那个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。2. 定冠词的有无有时定冠词在句中有决定性的作用。有无定冠词影响着定语从句的结构。如:(1) This is one of the books that_ (sell) well in the bookstore.(2) This is the one of the books that _ (sell) well in the bookstore.再看:(1) Is this the boy _ you want to talk to?(2) Is this boy _
5、you want to talk to?3. 注意标点符号的形式有时我们会见到这样的句子:(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _ read: Ive left for Harbin.(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. _ read: Ive left for Harbin.一个标点符号决定一个句子的结构。在(1)中,横线前是一个逗号,说明逗号前后是一个句子的两个部分。根据句意可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句(2)中前后两句之间用了句号,说明前后是两个独立的句子
6、,因此,空格处应填入能作主语超越语法: 定语从句典型错误剖析定语从句是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目,学生们在学习和使用中出现了这样或那样的错误。现将其中的一些典型错误句例总结如下,供大家引以为鉴。1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you?2. Have you been to the company where she works there?3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.4. Is this all what you want to say?5. He li
7、ved in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday.7. This is the ring for which she is looking.8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week?9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class.10.
8、As you know it, he has left for Australia.11. The meeting was put off, that was exactly what we wanted.12. I dont like the way which you treat your mother.13. He told the good news to those who was present at the meeting.14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai.15. Whos the old man whom yo
9、u just shook hands?拓展引导定语从句的词叫作关系代词或关系副词。关系代词有who、 whom、 whose、 that、 which、as等;关系副词有when、 where、 why等。它们具有三个功能:1.连接主句和从句; 2. 指代先行词; 3. 在从句中充当一种成分。如:This is the book that I want to buy.that连接主句This is the book和从句I want to buy,指代先行词book,并在从句中作buy的宾语。一、关系代词的用法关系代词的选用:第一,取决于它指代的是人还是物,指代人时可用who、 whom、 t
10、hat或as, 指代物时用that、 which或as;第二,取决于它在从句中充当的成分,关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语等。如:1) The man who / that is standing at the door is my English teacher. 站在门口的那个人是我的英语老师。(who / that在从句中充当主语)2) Do you know the man whom / that we met in the street? 你认识我们在街上碰到的那个人吗?(whom / that在从句中充当宾语)指人的who和whom有格的区别:who在从句中作主语(在非正式说
11、法中也可作宾语),whom在从句中只能作宾语,不能作主语,也可以省略。3) The problem that / which troubles us is how to finish the work in time. 使我们烦恼的问题是怎样才能按时完成这项工作。 (that / which在从句中作主语)4) The book that / which I bought yesterday is worth reading. 昨天我买的这本书值得一读。(that / which在从句中作宾语,这时可以省略)关系代词whose一般指人,表示该人的,也可指物,表示该物的,在从句中作定语。如:Th
12、ats the painter whose works are so highly regarded. 那位就是其作品受到很高评价的画家。The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel. 我们在这儿望得见屋顶的那座房子是一个旅馆。whose在以物为先行词时,可用of which代替,尤其是口语中。上例相当于:The building the roof of which we can see from here is a hotel.二、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词
13、一起放在主句和从句之间;当先行词指人时,介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which,这时的关系代词不能省略;有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面,这时的which可用that替换。当介词放在从句有关动词的后面时,关系代词which, that, whom在口语中和非正式文体中经常省略。如:This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which / that) he used to live in. 这是他过去居住过的房间。Whos the man with whom y
14、ou just shook hands? =Whos the man (that / whom) you just shook hands with? 刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁?但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。如:This is the book (which / that) Im looking for. 这就是我在找的那本书。在这类定语从句中,介词的选择一般根据动词的需要,如上述几例,或者根据先行词来决定。如:There is a mountain of which the top is always covered with snow. 有一座山顶总是覆盖着雪的山
15、。三、关于使用关系代词的几点说明:1. 指物的关系代词that和which常可互换,但下列情况下通常用关系代词that:1)当先行词是:all, none, much, little, everything, everybody, everyone, nothing等不定代词时。如:All (that) he said at the meeting encouraged us greatly. 他在会上说的一切,使我们受到很大的鼓舞。2)当先行词前有形容词的最高级、序数词及the last, the same, the only, the very等修饰时。如:This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我所看过影片中最好的一部。The first article (that) Lucy wrote in Chinese was good. 露西用汉语写的第一篇文章很好。3)先行词中既含有人也含有物时。如:He talked about the teachers
