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1、暑假专题(六)一. 本周教学内容：暑假专题（六） 1. 表示将来的几种形式2. 现在完成时3. 现在进行时及特殊用法二. 重、难点讲解表示将来的几种形式1. 一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原型1）表示未发生或将来存在的状态。When will they leave for Shanghai?2） 表示同意或答应做某事。That bag looks heavy. I will help you with it.I wont tell anyone what happened, I promise.2. be going to + 动词原型表示“打算，准备”做某事，多用于口语中侧重
2、于说话者根据客观的种种迹象，判断将要发生的事件或事先做出的安排，因而有一定的预见性和心理准备。will / shall表示临时性的决定。1）Look at those clouds. Its going to rain2）Your teacher, Mr Zhang, is ill in hospital.I know. Im going to see him this afternoon.3）Your teacher, Mr Zhang, is ill in hospital.Really? Ill go to see him this afternoon.3. be + 动词不定式表示按计
3、划或安排即将发生的动作，在陈述句中可以和be going to互换，差别不大。1）Were to meet at the school gate.我们约定在校门口见面。2）The Queen is to visit Japan next year.3）The railway is to be opened to traffic on National Day.4）She is to get married next month. 表示“指令”、“命令”，相当于have to或must；用于疑问句时，表示征求意见。1）Youre to do your homework before you wa
4、tch TV.你得做完作业才能看电视。2）You are to report to the police.3）Are we to hand in the papers at half past ten?4）What are we to do during the weekend?注意：在表示因客观因素或不受人的意志所控制或安排的在将来时间发生的动作时，只能用be going to, 不用be to do.1）Its going to rain. 天要下雨了。错误：Its to rain.2）Hes going to fain. 他要晕倒了。错误：Hes to fain.另外，在条件状语从句中，
5、常用“be +不定式”表示“想”、“打算”1）If youre to join us, well wait for you.2）In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they are to survive. 注意：was / were + to have done 表示没有完成的计划。1）He was to have left yesterday, but his mother was ill then.2）I was to have finished the article last week.4. be ab
6、out to do 表示即将发生的动作，不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但可用于be about to do when 结构中。1）Autumn harvest is about to start.秋收就要开始了。2）I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.我正准备睡觉，这时电话铃响了。5. be due to do用于将来时，常与时刻表、旅行计划等有关。1）The train is due to leave at 10:00. 这趟火车定于10：00发车。2）The plane from Shanghai is due to arrive
7、 at 1:28 p.m.现在完成时 “have / has + 过去分词” 表示此刻以前发生的动作或情况。1. 到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况。1）How many pages have you covered today? 你今天看完了多少页？2）They havent seen one another for ages. 他们很长时间没见面了。2. 对现在有影响的某一已发生的动作。1）Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.2）I have seen the films many times
8、.3. 表示过去曾发生过的情况。He has worked on the farm for three years.I have seen Hero before.4. 某些动词的现在完成时可表示一直持续到现在的状态或动作。1）The meeting has lasted three days.2）How long have you lived here?5. 用于表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时刻已经完成的动作。We will start at five if it has stopped raining by then.同一般过去时的区别一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具
9、体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在的情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的现在以前的过去某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在的情况有密切的联系，是过去的事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。1. 当有表示过去某时的时间状语时，多用一般过去时。1）Just now I came to see you, but you were not in.2）My father bought me a new computer last Sunday.2. 当有表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，多用现在完成时。 1）She has learned a great deal
10、 since she came here.2） Up till now we have planted hundreds of fruit trees.3. 当有already, yet, just, never, ever 等时，多用现在完成时。1）I have just received a beautiful present.2）Both sides havent reached any agreement.never, ever也可与一般过去时连用。I never met such a careless kid.4. 有since引起的状语时，主句谓语常用完成时。We got to k
11、now each other in 2000 and have been good friends ever since.但表示长度时，可用一般现在时。It is four years since he joined the army.注意：瞬间动词不可以与表示时间段的时间状语搭配使用。e.g. The murderer has been put into the prison for about ten years.The murderer has been in the prison for about ten years.He has come to Beijing since last
12、 year.He has lived in Beijing since last year.常见的瞬间动词：come, go, get to/reach/arrive at, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join,/take part in, begin/start, return/give, borrow/lend, become/turn, bring/take, die, finish/end, receive/hear from, marry, break, lose, jump等。翻译：他们已经离开了两个小时。_for two hou
13、rs.5. 现在完成进行时：“have / has been + 现在分词 ” 表示 现在以前这段时间里一直在进行的一个动作，这个动作可能还在进行，也可能停止了一会儿。1）I have been painting the house all the morning.2）How long has it been raining?现在完成时与过去完成时的用法区别两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。对比：1）We wer
14、e all in high spirits because we had got the first prize.We are all in high spirits because we have got the first prize. 2）She had been ill for a week before she came back.She has been ill for a week.现在进行时的用法1. 表示说话的此时此刻正在进行的动作。常通过表示此时此刻的时间状语或通过look / listen这两个提示来表示正在进行的动作。1）She is making a fire now
15、.2. 表示目前这段时间正在进行的动作。1）They are planting trees on the hill these days.2）They are learning Chinese in Beijing.3. 现在进行时与副词constantly, always, forever等状语连用时，表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，含有说话者的赞扬，不满，讨厌和遗憾等情绪。1）The girl is always smiling happily.2）She is constantly changing her mind.3）Im always losing things.4）He is constantly leaving things about.5）She is always finding fault with others.4. 用进行时可以表示委婉的语气。I am hoping you can come and have supper with us.5. 用进行时可以表示某一具体动作或心理状态的发展过程。She is finding that chemistry is much difficu
