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1、Summarizing and ParaphrasingOWL of Purdue UniversityI. Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing1. Differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizingThese three ways of incorporating other writers work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.
2、Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed
3、to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to a
4、ttribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.2. Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to: Provide suppor
5、t for claims or add credibility to your writing; Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing; Give examples of several points of view on a subject; Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with; Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by qu
6、oting the original; Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own; Expand the breadth or depth of your writing.Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a
7、 writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example: In his famous and influential work TheInterpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious (page #), expressing i
8、n coded imagery the dreamers unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the dream-work (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dre
9、am itself (page #).3. How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?It might be helpful to follow these steps: Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in
10、 the essay. Consider any words, phrases, or sentences that you believe should be quoted directly.There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that quoting should be done
11、 only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so. Youll find guidelines for citing sources and punctuating citations at our documentation guide pages.II. Paraphrasing: Write It in Your Own Words1. A paraphrase is. your own rendition (演绎，翻译)
12、of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.2. Paraphrasing is a valuable skil
13、l because. it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. it helps you control the temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.3. Six Steps to Effective Paraphrasing1) Reread the ori
14、ginal passage until you understand its full meaning.2) Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.3) Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subj
15、ect of your paraphrase.4) Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.5) Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.6) Record the source (including
16、 the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.4. Some examples to compareParaphrasing refers to rewriting a given sentence using your own words. When we need to use a sentence in our writing that someone else wrote, we paraphrase it. That is, we use the same idea(s) in that sentenc
