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1、 Psychoanalysis SigmundFreud Inwhichdirectionisthewomanturningaround SigmundFreud 1856 1939 Austrian doctor fatherofpsychoanalysisOneofthefirstpsychologiststostudyhumanmotivation Psychiatryvs Psychology upuntil20thcenturyfrontallobotomieswereperformedonpatients SigmundFreud 1856 1939 Freud believedt
2、hatmentalillnessisaresultofnurture notnature Heaskedthequestion Whatmakespeopledothings Answer MOTIVATIONNeedsmotivatehumanbehaviour food shelter clothing Freud sTheories ThefoundationofFreud scontributiontomodernpsychologyishisemphasisontheunconsciousaspectsofthehumanpsyche Likeiceberg thehumanmind
3、isstructuredsothatitsgreatweightanddensityliebeneaththesurface belowthelevelofconsciousness ID unconconsciouspartofthemind thispartofthemindseekstobringuspleasure primitivepartsofourpersonalityincludingaggressionandsexualdrivesEGO consciouspartofthemind RationalSelf Decideswhatactiontotakeforpositiv
4、emeansandwhattodobasedonwhatisbelievedistherightthingtodo Awareofreality SUPEREGO unconsciouspartofthemindthatactsasourconscience Remindsusofwhatweshoulddo TheIDandtheSUPEREGOareinconstantconflict YourDRIVEtellsyoutodoonething whileSOCIETYtellsyoutodosomethingelse SigmundFreud thefounderofpsychoanal
5、ysis comparedthehumanmindtoaniceberg Thetipabovethewaterrepresentsconsciousness andthevastregionbelowthesurfacesymbolizestheunconsciousmind OfFreud sthreebasicpersonalitystructures id ego andsuperego onlytheidistotallyunconscious Themindislikeaniceberg itfloatswithone seventhofitsbulkabovewater S Fr
6、eud SeveralcorollariesofFreudiantheory Freudabandonedtheideaofthesystemunconscious replacingitwiththeconceptoftheego super ego andid Throughouthiscareer however heretainedthedescriptiveanddynamicconceptionsoftheunconscious Theidisthereservoiroflibido theprimarysourceofallpsychicenergy Itfulfillsthep
7、rimordial 原始的 lifeprinciple whichFreudconsiderstobethepleasureprinciple Freud sassignmentofthementalprocessestothreepsychezones theid theego andthesuperego Id 本我 1 Thesetofuncoordinatedinstinctualtrends 2 Theidcomprisestheunorganisedpartofthepersonalitystructurethatcontainsthebasicdrives Theidactsas
8、accordingtothe pleasureprinciple 3 Theidisresponsibleforourbasicdrivessuchasfood water sex andbasicimpulses Itisamoralandselfish ruledbythepleasure painprinciple Id 指的是一个人追求快乐的一种内驱力 促使个人去追求性 食物 刺激等的快乐的满足 libido Libidoreferstoaperson ssexdriveordesireforsexualactivity Thedesireforsexisanaspectofapers
9、on ssexuality butvariesenormouslyfromonepersontoanother anditalsovariesdependingoncircumstancesataparticulartime Egoistherationalgoverningagentsofthepsyche Thoughtheegolacksthestrongvitalityoftheid itregulatestheinstinctualdrivesoftheidsothattheymaybereleasedinnondestructivebehavioralpatterns Ego 自我
10、 Theegoactsaccordingtotherealityprinciple Itseekstopleasetheid sdriveinrealisticways InFreud stheory theegomediatesamongtheid thesuper egoandtheexternalworld Itstaskistofindabalancebetweenprimitivedrivesandreality Originally Freudusedthewordegotomeanasenseofself butlaterrevisedittomeanasetofpsychicf
11、unctionssuchasjudgment tolerance reality testing control planning defense synthesis 综合 推理 ofinformation intellectualfunctioning andmemory Ego是监督人格者 是内在人格与外在世界的红绿灯 在于调节个人 使之能配合super ego的要求 又能达到id的满足 Actingeitherdirectlyorthroughtheego thesuperegoservestorepressorinhibitthedrivesoftheid toblockofandth
12、rustbackintotheunconsciousthoseimpulsestowardpleasurethatsocietyregardsasunacceptable Theotherregulatingagent thatwhichprimarilyfunctionstoprotectsociety isthesuperego Super ego 超我 TheSuper egoworksincontradictiontotheid TheSuper egostrivestoactinasociallyappropriatemanner whereastheidjustwantsinsta
13、ntself gratification 自我满足 TheSuper egocontrolsoursenseofrightandwrongandguilt Ithelpsusfitintosocietybygettingustoactinsociallyacceptableways Super ego即使一种道德规范 要求个人尽力去满足父母及社会的标准 Whereastheidisdominatedbythepleasureprincipleandtheegobytherealityprinciple thesuperegoisdominatedbythemoralityprinciple I
14、fyoudon tresolvethisconflictbetweentheIDandtheEGO youmayexperienceunhappinessormentaldistress Thus inordertounderstandmotivation youmustunderstandwhatisinyourunconsciousmemory ThisisthebasisforPSYCHOANALYSIS Psychoanalysishasasitscoretheideathateachofushasanunconsciouspartwhoseexistence activitiesan
15、dthoughtsarehiddenbehindamentalbarrierthatwecannotvoluntarilyremove Behindthisbarrierarerepressedandpsychologicallydangerousthoughtsthatgiverisetounconsciousconflicts whichinturn canresultinpsychologicalandphysicalsymptoms TheAnalysisofTheodoreDreiser 弗洛伊德的 创作性作家与白日梦 弗洛伊德于1908年发表了题为 创作性作家与白日梦 的论文 这无
16、疑是弗洛伊德将精神分析法应用于文学的一个里程碑 在此文中 他把文学作品视为作者无意识的表现 将文学文本等同于症候或梦境 将作家等同于做梦者 这种研究方法有一个理论前提 那就是 文艺作品的目的就是精神分析所揭示出的梦的目的 秘密满足童年时期所形成的 隐藏在无意识之中的某些难以启齿的愿望 他把创造性作家的创作比作白日梦 作家在本能需要的压迫之下 由现实转向幻想 通过创作把自己的白日梦加工和改造 使之能够为别人所接受 是本人暂时摆脱本能的压抑 获得快乐 同时 作家的作品也成为听众或观众的快乐源泉 作家在作品中把自己的情感投射到主人公身上 把自己变成白日梦和故事的主角 有时候 他的情感还倾注到为数众多的不同人物身上 因此 仔细考察作品中的人物 就可以发掘出作者的无意识的心理 弗洛伊德作家白日梦论文中的观点认为 文学艺术源于作家受压抑而产生的潜意识的本能欲望 德来赛创作 嘉莉妹妹 的根源在于摆脱他自己内心的压抑 小心翼翼地隐藏自己的幻想 改变和伪装自己的白日梦 在作品中把自己的情感投射到主人公身上 把自己变成白日梦和故事的主角 因为他感觉自己有理由羞愧 以此寻找暂时的快乐 同时也给读者带来快乐
