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1、 新编研究生综合英语教程AdvancedEnglishforGraduateStudents GeneralSkills AcademicLiteracy UnitFourEconomy TextAOpportunityCostTextBEconomicOutlook ShouldIgotoworktoday ShouldIgotocollegeafterhighschool Shouldthegovernmentspendmoneyonanewweaponsystem Thesearedecisionsthataremadeeveryday but whatisthecostofourdec
2、isions Whatisthecostofgoingtowork ornotgoingtowork Whatisthecostofcollege ornotgoingtocollege Finallywhatisthecostofbuyingthatweaponsystem orthecostofnotbuyingthatweapon Ineconomicsitiscalledopportunitycost Preface Opportunitycostisthecostwepaywhenwegiveupsomethingtogetsomethingelse Therecanbemanyal
3、ternativesthatwegiveuptogetsomethingelse buttheopportunitycostofadecisionisthemostdesirablealternativewegiveuptogetwhatwewant Let slookatourexamplesfromabove Ifyouhaveajob whatdoyougiveuptogotowork Therearemanypossibilities Youcouldsleepin Ifitisaniceday youcouldtakeyourdogtotheparkandplayallday Or
4、youcouldevenspendthedaylookingforabetterjob right Ifyouchoosetogotowork yougiveupallofthesethings Whatyougetfromworkingisagreaterbenefitthanthecostofgivingupthesethings But opportunitycostisthemostdesirablethinggivenup nottheaggregateofthethingswehavegivenup Suchnecessityarisesfromtheinadequacyoftra
5、ditionalindividualmentoringinhelpinglearnconventionsofscience Oneaspectofresearchethicsconcernsresearchers professionalspiritinthepursuitofultimatetruth thatistosay goodsciencemustbeconductedthroughrigorous systematicandreplicableprocedure InTextB TheNatureofInquiry theauthorswillelaborateonhowscien
6、tificresearchdistinguishesitselffromcommon senseknowing howresearchersapproachrealitydifferently andwhatphilosophicalassumptionsunderpineachapproach BackgroundInformationPre readingQuestionsTextAOpportunityCostVocabularyExercises TextAOpportunityCost BackgroundInformation TextAOpportunityCost Vocabu
7、lary CoreVocabularyList 12 Exercises OpportunityCost RobertE Hall MarcLieberman BackgroundInformation 3 Opportunitycostinproduction RobertE Hallwasoneoftheworld smosteminenteconomists Dr HallreceivedhisPh D fromMITandhastaughtthereaswellasattheUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley HewasthepresidentoftheAm
8、ericanEconomicAssociationfortheyear2010 HeisalsodirectoroftheresearchprogramonEconomicFluctuationsoftheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch andchairmanoftheBureau sCommitteeonBusinessCycleDating whichmaintainsthechronologyoftheU S businesscycle Background 1 Informationabouttheauthors MarcLiebermanisClin
9、icalProfessorofEconomicsatNewYorkUniversity NYU HereceivedhisPh D fromPrincetonUniversity Dr Liebermanhastaughtgraduateandundergraduatecoursesinmicroeconomics macroeconomics econometrics laboreconomics andinternationaleconomics HehaspresentedhisextremelypopularPrinciplesofEconomicscourseatHarvard Va
10、ssar theUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaCruz theUniversityofHawaii andNewYorkUniversity Background 1 Informationabouttheauthors ThetermOPPORTUNITYCOSTwascoinedin1914byAustrianeconomistFriedrichvonWieserinhisbookTheoriedergesellschaftlichenWirtschaft Itwasfirstdescribedin1848byFrenchclassicaleconomistFr
11、 d ricBastiatinhisessay WhatIsSeenandWhatIsNotSeen Background 2 Informationaboutopportunitycost Inmicroeconomictheory theopportunitycostofachoiceisthevalueofthebestalternativeforgone inasituationinwhichachoiceneedstobemadeamongseveralmutuallyexclusivealternativesofgivenlimitedresources Theconceptsee
12、msasimpleone usefulwhenappliedtomakingeverydaydecisionsabouthowbesttospendlimitedtimeandmoney However evenprofessionaleconomistshaveforgottenorhaddifficultyinapplyingit Background 2 Informationaboutopportunitycost OpportunitycostsinproductionExplicitcostsExplicitcostsareopportunitycoststhatinvolvedi
13、rectmonetarypaymentbyproducers Theexplicitopportunitycostofthefactorsofproductionnotalreadyownedbyaproduceristhepricethattheproducerhastopayforthem Forinstance ifafirmspends 100onelectricalpowerconsumed itsexplicitopportunitycostis 100 Thiscashexpenditurerepresentsalostopportunitytopurchasesomething
14、elsewiththe 100 3 Opportunitycostinproduction ImplicitcostsImplicitcosts alsocalledimplied imputedornotionalcosts aretheopportunitycostsnotreflectedincashoutflowbutimpliedbythefailureofthefirmtoallocateitsexisting owned resources orfactorsofproductiontothebestalternativeuse Forexample amanufacturerh
15、aspreviouslypurchased1000tonsofsteelandthemachinerytoproduceawidget Theimplicitpartoftheopportunitycostofproducingthewidgetistherevenuelostbynotsellingthesteelandnotrentingoutthemachineryinsteadofusingthemforproduction 3 Opportunitycostinproduction Oneexampleofopportunitycostisintheevaluationof fore
16、ign totheUSA buyersandtheirallocationofcashassetsinrealestateorothertypesofinvestmentvehicles Withtherecentdownturn circaJune July2015 oftheChinesestockmarket moreandmoreChineseinvestorsfromHongKongandTaiwanareturningtotheUnitedStatesasanalternativevesselfortheirinvestmentdollars theopportunitycostofleavingtheirmoneyintheChinesestockmarketorChineserealestatemarketistoohighrelativetoyieldsavailableintheUSArealestatemarket Takeanotherexample theopportunitycostingoingtothemoviescouldbebuyingtakeawa
