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1、PartIVTheRenaissance Thisisagreatestandmostadvancedrevolutioninthehumanhistory Thisistheagethegiantsareneededandproduced F Engles I WhatisRenaissance 1 DefinitionTheRenaissance 14th mid 17thcentury whichmeansrebirthandrevival Therenaissance therefore inessence isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhu
2、manistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsofthe risingbourgeoisie andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch 罗马天主教堂 Itischaracterizedwiththegrowthofamorescientificoutlook majordevelop
3、mentinartandliterature newinventionandoverseasdiscoveriesandageneralassertionofhumanvalueandemancipation 解放 ofthehumanintellectandpower 2 TwoFeaturesoftheRenaissance 1 Theoneisathirstycuriosityfortheclassicalliterature 2 Anotherfeatureisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity Humanismwasthekeynoteo
4、ftherenaissance 3 HumanismHumanismreferstotheliterarycultureintheRenaissance IntheRenaissancePeriod scholarsandeducatorswhocalledthemselvesHumanistsbegantoemphasizethecapacitiesofthehumanmindandtheachievementsofhumancultureincontrasttothemedievalemphasisonGodandcontemptforthethingsofthisworld So hum
5、anismbecamethecentralthemeofEnglishRenaissance ThomasMoreandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists 图片 Humanism Humanismistheideathatmanhasapotentialforculturewhichdistinguisheshimfromlowerordersofbeings andwhichheshouldstriveconstantlytofulfill DuringtheMiddleAges theCathol
6、icChurchdominatedtheWesternculture Thoughatthebeginningithelpedtocreatecivilization itgraduallycametostiflecreativethinking ItadvocatedthesupremepowerofGodoverman Intheeyesofthemedievaltheologians manwasamiserablecreaturewithhisonlyhopeinlifeafterdeath becausehehadalreadybeencorruptedbytheoriginalsi
7、nofAdamandEve Humanexistencewasthoughtofasinsignificant Inthefieldofintellectualthinking anythingthatwasnotinaccordancewiththeChristiantheologywouldbecondemned Thehumanistthinkingwasareactionagainstthenarrow mindednessoftheCatholicChurch RebelliousspiritagainsttheMedievalfeudalvalueandblindfaithinhu
8、mbleness servitude andafter lifeBeliefinman sdivinityandcapabilityofselfperfectionEmphasisoftheimportanceofpersonalworthandenjoymentofthepresentlife II RenaissanceinEurope 1 HistoricalBackground 1 Renaissancefirststartedin 14th Italy France Germany lowcountries England16th Belgium Holland Luxembourg
9、 2 TheRenaissanceisactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents suchastherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion A TherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureTranslatione g Homer sIliadandOdysseybyChap
10、manOvid sMetamorphosesVirgil sAeneidPlato Aristotle SenecaandPlautus B NewDiscoveriesinGeography 1 In1492 ChristopherColumbus 1436 1506 aGenoesemariner withthesupportoftheSpanishsovereignsFerdinandandIsabella sailedtothewestandfoundAmerica 2 In1497 VascodaGama 1469 1529 aPortuguesemarinerdiscoveredt
11、heroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodCapebetweentheyears1497and1498 C NewDiscoveryinAstrology Heliocentric hi li u sentrik TheoryNicolausCopernicus 1473 1543 hewasaPolishastronomerwhoputforwardrevolutionaryideasinastronomyatthattime Hebelievedthattheearthandotherplanetsorbitaboutthesunandthatearthisnotat
12、thecenteroftheuniverse D ReligiousReformationIn16thcentury MartinLuther aGermantheologist startedaChurchReformationwhichledtotheappearanceofProtestant HeattackedthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholic andproposedthattheChurchshouldgiveuptheproperty theclergiesshouldliveasimplelife MartinLutheralsoputforward
13、thateveryonecouldbepriestforhimself Thisimprovedthecommonpeople ssocialposition andemancipatedthehumanbeings thoughts WhenHenryVIIIdeclaredhimselfastheSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEnglandin1534 theReformationinEnglandcameintoitsfullswing BythemiddleofElizabeth sreign Protestantismhadbeenfirmlyestablished
14、 withacertainextentofcompromisebetweenCatholicismandProtestantism Thereformationofthechurchwasactuallyareflectionoftheclassstrugglewagedbythenewrisingbourgeoisieagainstthefeudalclassanditsideology E EconomicExpansionGeographicaldiscoveriesledtocolonialexpansionandtheopeningoftraderoutestodistantpart
15、softheworld whichnotonlymeanttheprimitiveaccumulationofcapitalbutbroughtaboutthegrowthofthecitiesandthedevelopmentofthecapitalisttextile 织物 industry andbroughtaboutthebroadeningofmentalhorizons II RenaissanceinEngland 1 ThehistoryofEnglishRenaissance WhydidRenaissancecometoEnglandsolate 1 Separation
16、fromtheContinent 2 Domesticunrest self destruction 1 Thewar likenoblesseizedthepower 2 TheWarsofRoses 2 Theimportanthistoricalmajorevents 1 TheHundredYearsWar 1337 1453 betweenFranceandEngland 2 TheWaroftheRoses 1455 1485 3 TheEnclosureMovement 4 TheReligiousReformation establishmentoftheAnglicanChurch 5 DefeatingtheSpanishInvinciblefleet Armada in1588andtheestablishmentofthehegemony 霸权 ontheseas DefeatoftheSpanishArmada TheSpanishArmadawasafleetofwarshipsthatattemptedtodestroytheEnglishfleetin1
