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1、2011年通用考博英语翻译讲义考博翻译的重要性1、考博英语difficult。2、考博翻译最难做。（1）翻译是主观题。（2）做翻译需要单词基础，语法基础，阅读基础和强大的汉语功底。 例：本次旅行有北京、上海等地。 This trip/travel/tour includes Beijing and Shanghai.（3）各所学校的命题非常不稳定。英译汉考博翻译的概述翻译你做过吗？ 做翻译不是看翻译 Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never
2、before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视或许以前从来没有像在最近欧洲事件中其如此大的作用。 在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视像在最近欧洲事件中起的作用之大前所未见。怎么做英译汉One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that spe
3、culation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further dela
4、yed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price
5、goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing. The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, lite
6、rature, science, philosophy, education and religion. Although the foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence. Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage
7、. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society. Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism; but the most significant of them all was humanism. In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as empha
8、sis on the human values.It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man. The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and
9、elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of mans nature.翻译的步骤：一、画竖线 目的：初步断开句子结构，化繁为简 原则： 1、拆出主句，分清从句； 2、拆出主干，分清修饰； 最佳方式：找断句点 （1）连词；（2）引导词；（3）介词；（4）分词；（5）to；（6）标点符号；（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great
10、 inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.二、写汉字：以每一小节作为单位来写汉字 目的：初步了解每一个小结构的意思；（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditi
11、ons to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.三、连汉字 目的：把每一小节连接成为通顺的句子；需要适当地调整顺序，或者
12、把一些不通顺的词语替换掉。 调整顺序的本源是英语的结构和修饰关系。 替换汉语词语的本源是依据英语的基本词义和上下文的意译。（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition betwee
13、n these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.因此，我们接受和欢迎环境的巨大不平等；生意、工业和商业集中在少数人手中和少数人之间的竞争法则，这作为我们自己必须适应的条件，因为这不仅仅对人类今后的进步有益。因此，我们接受和欢迎环境的巨大不平等；工商贸集中在少数人手中以及少数人之间的竞争法则，这作为我们自己必须适应的条件，因为这不仅仅对人类今后的进步有益。（最终）3There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily
14、 stuffed into our mind. but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon ones point of view.我们的大脑很容易记住许多特定历史时期的事实，但是选择和鉴别重大事实却是更为艰难的事情并且取决于我们自己的观点。英汉翻译技巧一、 词意选择，适当引申（1）分析词根和词缀来翻译（2）分析词性来翻译（3）分析上下文来翻译（4）结合汉语习惯和固定搭配来翻译二、 适当增加翻译成汉语后，在不改变英语意思的前提下，适当
15、增加词语，使句子更通顺。三、 适当减少四、 适当重复可以适当重复出原文省略的部分，或者把并列结构中的相同部分重复出来。We dont retreat , we never have and never will.我们不会退却，我们从来没有后退过，今后也决不会退却。五、 词性转换把英语的词性变换成汉语的其他词性来翻译。六、 四字成语练习Passage 371The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No1 health problem in the UStoday, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans dont know how to think about health and illness.在医学院担任十二年教师，我所得到的主要印象是：当今美国的首要健康问题甚至比艾滋和癌症更为严重的是美国人不知该怎样对待健康和疾病。考博翻译的标准1、准确2、通顺准确是前提，其次求通顺，另外检查译文的方式是多读译文。定语从句前置的翻译1、定语从句前置即把定语从句翻译到它修饰的先行词的前面，并习惯用“的”来连接。Passage 372We fear th
