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1、Chapter5 Thismultimediaproductanditscontentsareprotectedundercopyrightlaw Thefollowingareprohibitedbylaw anypublicperformanceordisplay includingtransmissionofanyimageoveranetwork preparationofanyderivativework includingtheextraction inwholeorinpart ofanyimages anyrental lease orlendingoftheprogram T
2、heSelf HowWeAnswertheQuestion WhoAmI Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Copyright2006 AllynandBacon TheSelf ThinkingAbouttheSelf PersonalversusSocialIdentitySelf Esteem AttitudesTowardtheSelfSocialComparison KnowingtheSelfTheSelfasTargetofPrejudice Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Personal
3、SocialIdentityContinuum signifiesthetwodistinctwaysthattheselfcanbecategorizedPersonallevelSelfcanbethoughtofasauniqueindividualHowit sdescribeddependsonintragroupcomparisons SocialidentitylevelSelfcanbethoughtofasamemberofagroupHowit sdescribedisaresultofintergroupcomparisons Situationalfactorsimpa
4、cthowpeopledefinethemselves Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf WhoIAmDependsontheSituationPeopleseethemselvesdifferentlydependingonwhichrelationshipsandwhichcontextsareconsidered Self Complexity referstohowtheself conceptisorganizedHighcomplexity Aspectsoftheselfaredistinctfromoneanoth
5、erFailureinonedomainhaslessimpactonone soverallfeelingsaboutone sselfLowcomplexity Aspectsoftheselfoverlapeachother Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Cultureaffectshowtheselfisperceived IndependentSelf Concept inindividualisticcultures peopledevelopaself conceptasseparatefromorindepen
6、dentofothers InterdependentSelf Concept incollectivistcultures peopledevelopaself conceptintermsofone sconnectionsorrelationshipswithothers Groupmembership likebeingamemberofagendergroup influenceshowoneseesone sself Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Thinki
7、ngAbouttheSelf WhichaspectoftheselfhasinfluencedependsonContextanditsfeaturesthatmakeanaspectoftheselfdistinctiveImportanceoftheaspecttotheselfReferencesotherpeoplemakeaboutone sself Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf WhoIAmDependsonOthers TreatmentHowpeoplearetreatedbyothersandhowthey
8、believetheywillbetreatedinthefutureaffectshowtheythinkaboutthemselves Peoplemaytrytohideanaspectoftheselfthattheythinkwillresultinrejectionfromothers Or theymaychoosetoemphasizethisfeature Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Self Awareness TerrorManagementSubjectiveSelf Awareness though
9、ttobethefirstleveloftheselftoemergeandistherecognitionthattheselfisseparatefromotherobjectsinone sphysicalenvironmentObjectiveSelf Awareness organism scapacitytobetheobjectofitsownattention Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf SymbolicSelf Awareness uniquelyhumancapacitytoformanabstractr
10、epresentationoftheselfthroughlanguageandisconnectedwithknowingthatdeathisinevitableTerrorManagementTheory humansconfrontexistentialterrorduetotheirawarenessoftheinevitabilityoftheirowndeathPeopleattempttodealwiththisthreattotheselfwhentheirownmortalityissalientSelf esteemcanactasabufferagainsttheanx
11、ietythatisaresultoftheawarenessoftheirowninevitabledeath Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf PossibleSelves TheSelfOverTimePossibleSelf imageofhowtheselfmightbeinthefutureCouldbeavoidedordesiredCanmotivatepeopletochangebehaviorAwarenessth
12、atoneisfailingtoliveuptoone sstandardscanresultindistractionasawaytoreduceuncomfortableself awarenessPeoplemaybeoverlyoptimisticabouttheirabilitytobecometheselfthattheydesire Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Successfulchangeismorelikelywhenfeelingsofself efficacy believingthatonecana
13、chieveagoal arepresent Otherchangestotheselfoccurduetochangesinsituationalfactors Forexample age relocation newjob andmajorlifeevents Copyright2006 AllynandBacon ThinkingAbouttheSelf Whatareyourthoughts Whatarefactorsthatinfluencehowpeoplethinkaboutthemselves Whatarethebenefitsofincreasedself awaren
14、ess Whatarethecostsofbecomingmoreself aware Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem MeasurementofSelf EsteemSelf Esteem degreetowhichtheselfisperceivedpositivelyornegatively one soverallattitudetowardtheselfSelf esteemcanchangereadilyinresponsetosocialsituations Iteasilycanbeenhancedordecreasedinlab
15、oratorysettings Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem Rosenberg s 1965 scaleisthemostcommonmethodtomeasureself esteem Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem Unconsciousmeasurementproceduresalsoareusedtomeasureself esteem Self ReferenceEffect peopleseemtoorientthemselvestowardstimulithatareassocia
16、tedwiththeselfandshowpreferencesforobjectsownedbyandreflectiveoftheselfSuggeststhatstrategiestoimproveself esteemmaybemoresuccessfulifimplementedbelowconsciousawareness Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Self Esteem Self ServingBiasesAboveAverageEffect tendencyforpeopletoratethemselvesasabovetheaverageonmostpositivesocialattributesPeopledonottendtotakeresponsibilityfornegativeoutcomes butdosoforpositiveoutcomes Peoplemaydothisforbothpersonalandgroupoutcomes Cultureaffectslikelihoodthatpeoplewillengagei
