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1、The nature-nurture debate in psychologyNATURE APPROACHRoots of the approach-nativist philosophy,biology(physiology and genetics),evolutionary theory.Causes of behaviour-genetic determinism;inherited influence,maturational blueprint,neurochemical and hormonal influences,brain activity.Methods employe
2、d-gene/chromosome mapping,twin and adoption studies,brain scanning,brain stimulation or damage studies,drug testing.Implications-due to biological determinism,behaviour can only be changed through physical means,such as selective breeding(eugenics),gene therapy,brain surgery,or durgs.Criticisms-redu
3、ctionist,may neglect environmental influences.AREAS OF EXPLANATIONPerception-Research conducted by Fanz,Bower,and Gibson and Walk on new-born babies indicated pattern detection,size constancy and depth perception are innate abilities.Aggression-The ethologist Lorenz and psychoanalyst Freud believed
4、aggression is an innate drive.Bio-psychologists have examined the role of hormones and brain areas in aggression.Sex-role behaviour-Bio-psychologists propose gender identity is a direct result of genetic and hormonal influences.Abnormality-the biomedical approach 心理学的先天与后天教养遗传决定论研究方法理论根源：自然主义哲学、生物学（
5、心理与遗传学）、进化论.决定行为的因素：基因决定、遗传决定、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。研究方法：基因和染色体图谱研究、双生子研究、脑扫描、脑电刺激、脑损伤、药物测试。启示：基于生物决定论的观点，行为只能通过物理方法来改变，比如优生学、基因治疗、脑手术或药物治。缺点：遗传决定论(把个体的行为发展完全归因为遗传因素）过于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响。解释的领域感知觉实验：Fantz,、Bower、Gibson 和Walk对新生儿的研究表明图案觉察，形状恒常性，深度知觉的是先天的能力。攻击性行为：动物行为学家Loren和精神分析学家Freud认为攻击性行为是一种本能行为。生理心理学
6、家已经证实了激素和大脑各区域在攻击性行为中的作用。性别角色行为：生物心理学家认为性别认同是遗传和内分泌影响的直接结果。变态：生物医学理论已经研究了基因has isolated genetic and neurochemicalcauses of mental disorders.Language acquisition-Chomsky proposed language is gained through the use of an innate language acquisition device. NURTURE APPROACHRoots of the approach-empiric
7、ism philosophy,behaviourism, social psychology.Causes of behaviour-the mind is regarded as atabula rasa( blank slate)at birth;therefore,knowledge and behaviour are the result of experience and learning from the environment.Methods employed - use of classical and operant conditioning techniques to af
8、fect behaviour,manipulation of social environment to change behaviour.Implications-due to environmental determinism,behaviour can only be easily changed through manipulating reinforcement and environmental conditions.Anybody could be traind to do anything.Criticisms-reductionists,may neglect innate
9、influences.AREAS OF EXPLANATIONPerception-Research into perception by Hebb on cataract removal and Turnbull on cross-cultural differences indicated that perceptual identification is a learnt ability.Aggression-Social learning theory argues that aggression is learnt from the environment through obser
10、vation and imitation.Social psychologists study conformity to aggressive norms.Sex-role behaviour-Cultural relativism and learning theory argue that gender is socially constructed and reinforced.Abnormality-The environment plays a role in the development of和神经化学物质对精神障碍的作用。语言获得：Chomsy认为语言是通过“语言获得装置”获
11、得的遗传决定论研究方法理论起源：经验主义哲学、行为主义和社会心理学行为的原因：人生下来思维被看作是一块白板，因此，知识和行为是后天经验与学习的结果。使用的研究方法：使用经典条件反射、操作条件反射技术来影响行为，或通过改变社会环境来改变行为。启示：基于环境决定论的观点，通过对强化物和环境条件的操纵，可以很容易改变。任何人都能够被训练来缺点：(把个体的行为发展完全归因为遗传因素）过于简单，忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用。解释的领域感知觉的研究：Hebb做的感觉剥夺实验和Turnbull做的跨文化研究表明感知觉认同是一种习得的行为。攻击性行为：社会学习理论认为攻击性行为是通过观察和模仿习得的。社会心理
12、学家研究了对攻击行为模式的遵从。性别角色行为：文化相对主义和学习理论认为性别是社会化和强化的结果。变态：环境对恐惧症、创伤后应激障碍、厌食症有很大的影响。phobias,post-traumatic stress disorder, and anorexia.Language acquisition-Skinner argued that language is learnt from other people via natural behaviour shaping techniques.INTERACTIONISMWhile some researchers have aimed to
13、investigate the relative contributions of innate and environmental factors in psychology,it is now accepted that the two influences form a continuum and interact so thoroughly with eath other that they are virtually inseparable.Even seemingly direct genetic influences, such as those on the physical
14、development of the brain, are affected by environmental factors form the inside of the womb to the pollution of the atmosphere.Many genes could impose a susceptibility to develop in certain ways or provide a “norm of reaction”-a genetic potentional that may or may not be realized by environmental ci
15、rcumstances.In a similar way,environmental experiences are mediated by not only innate abilities but even by the physical structure of the body,e.g.what gender or skin colour it has. EXAMPLES OF NATURE-NURTURE INTERACTION IN PSYCHOLOGYPerception-Blakemore and Cooper showed restricted environmental e
16、xperience could physcially affect the visual cortex of the brain.Cognitive development-Piaget suggested that innate schemata develop and expand through interaction with the environment to adapt the child to its surroundings,although development was语言获得：Skinner认为语言是儿童在对成人言语的学习中习得的。交互作用虽然一些研究人员旨在探讨遗传和环境因
