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1、besides,except,except for,but,but for,apart from,aside from，in addition to的区别一、besides 意为“除了，（还，也）”，表示的是追加关系，整体中包括了“除了”的部分；Five other representatives arrived late besides me. 除了我还有五位代表来晚了。（晚到的代表中包括“我”）Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他。二、except 意为“除了，（其余的都）”，表示的是剔除的关
2、系，整体中不包括“除了”的部分，except 除了后面接名词、代词外，还可接介词短语或从句。All the other five representatives arrived late except me. 除了我，其他的五位代表都来晚了。（晚到的代表中不包括“我”）I seldom go by bus except when it is rainy. 除了下雨的时候，我很少乘公共汽车。He rarely went anywhere except to his office. 除了去办公室，他很少去别的地方。I know nothing about it except what he tol
3、d me. 除他告诉我的情况外，我对此事一无所知。My papers seem to be everywhere except where they ought to be. 我的文件似乎完全不在它们应该放置的地方。三、except for 表示的是，在整体上给以定论后，再从局部上加以修正。与except 不同的是：except 所“排除”的部分与前面所述整体词属于同类，是部分与整体的关系；而except for 所“排除”的部分与前面所述的整体词往往不是同类。如：Your essay is well written except for one or two minor grammatica
4、l mistakes. 你的作文除了一两处小的语法错误外，写得很好。（“作文”与“语法错误”不是同类事物）若用于句首，则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首，另外but也不能用于句首)：Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外，大家都通过了考试。四、 but与except的用法基本相同并常互换使用，但but多与no, nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, all, anything, who等词连用，but所引出的事物常是句子的重心，有一定的强调意味。如：T
5、hey are all from the countryside but / except John. 除了约翰外，他们都来自乡下。I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper. 除了报纸，我从没见他读过别的东西。当but / except后面跟不定式时，如果but / except前面有实义动词do或do的其他形式，后面的不定式符号要省略。如： In winter the bear does nothing but lie down and sleep. 冬天，熊除了躺下睡觉什么也不干。It had no effect except t
6、o make him angry. 除了惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。五、but for 否定复合介词，用在名词前构成介词短语，意思是“要不是”，等于 without。句子中只要有 but for，该句子必须用虚拟语气。But for your help （if you had not helped us）we should not have finished in time.要不是你的帮助，我们就不会及时完成。But for the rain (= If it had not rained) we should have had a pleasant journey.要不是下雨，我们就会有一个
7、愉快的旅途的。六、apart from在不同的上下文中，既有besides的含义，又有except和except for的含义，要根据上下文来判别。如：Apart from English, he has a good command of Russian and French. 除英语外，他还精通俄语和法语。（= besides)He has no interests, apart from his work. 他除了自己的工作外，没什么兴趣爱好。（= except )Its a good paper, apart from a few spelling mistakes. 这是一篇好论文，
8、只是有几处拼写错误。（= except for)七、aside from 类似于apart from的用法。1除之外Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance. 除了远处偶尔有汽车的声响外, 四周一片寂静。2既又I didnt accept the job because it was badly paid and aside from that, it wasnt very interesting. 我没接受这个工作, 因为工资既少, 又非常乏味。八、in addition to
9、 含义与besides一样。They provide a free breakfast in addition to a bed.除了提供床位外，他们还提供免费早餐。常见区别1. keep doing/ keep on doing(1) keep doing 指的是连续地、坚持不断地做某事，中间不间断。 It kept blowing for a whole day. 刮了一整天风了。 The temperature keeps dropping. 温度持续下降。(2) keep on doing 是指反复坚持做某事，但动作之间略有间隔。 They have kept on writing t
10、o each other for many years. 他们已经互相通信多年了。 After drinking some water, he kept on talking. 喝了一些水后，他坚持讲话。2. seem/ look(1) seem 一般着重于以客观迹象为依据，意思是“似乎、好象、看起来”。 The baby seems to be happy. 婴儿看上去似乎很高兴。 He seemed to be sorry for that. 他似乎为那件事感到抱歉。 seem 能与 to do 结构连用，而 look 不能。 It seems to rain. 似乎要下雨了。 They
11、seemed to have finished their work. 他们似乎已经完成了工作。 在 it 作形式主语的句型中只能用 seem。 It seems that he is quite busy now. 他现在看起来很忙。 It seems to us that there is nothing serious. 在我看来没什么大不了的。(2) look 用作“看起来；好像”时，常从物体的外观或样貌上来判断，是以视觉所接受的印象为依据的。 The room looks clean. 这间房看起来很干净。 The girl looks like her mother. 那女孩看起来
12、向她的妈妈。3. such/ so(1) such 常用作形容词，用来修饰名词。 Dont be such a fool. 别这么傻。 He is such a clever boy. 他是如此聪明的一个男孩。(2) so 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。 He is so kind! 他真好心！Why did you come so late? 你为何回来得如此晚？ 当名词前有 many, much, few, little 等表示多、少时，应该用 so。 He has so many friends. 他有如此多的朋友。 Only so little time is left! 才剩这么一点
13、儿时间！4. either/ too/ also(1) either 用作“也”时是副词，常用于否定句句尾。 She is not a Japanese, Im not, either. 她不是日本人，我也不是。 My sister doesnt like this song, either. 我妹妹也不喜欢这首歌。(2) too 常用于肯定句或疑问句尾，表示“也”。 He likes China, too. 他也喜欢中国。 Are you in Grade 3, too? 你也在三年级吗？(3) also 也常用于肯定句或疑问句，但一般位于句中。 We are also students.
14、我们也是学生。 He also went there on foot. 他也是走着去的。 Did you also want to have a look? 你也想看看吗？5. if/ whether 在下列情况下只能用 whether 而非 if：(1) 与 or not 连用时，只能用 whether。 We want to know whether you are ill or not. 我们想知道你是否生病了。 Please tell me whether or not you have finished your work. 请告诉我们你是否完成了工作。(2) 后接动词不定式时，只能
15、用 whether. Adam didnt know whether to go or stay. 亚当不知道是走还是留。 He hasnt decided whether to have dinner with me. 他还没决定是否和我共进晚餐。(3) 所引导的宾语从句放在主句之前时，只能用 whether. Whether it will rain or snow, we dont mind. 我们不在乎将要刮风还是下雨。 Whether I won or lost, she didnt want to know. 我是赢是输她不想知道。(4) 引导主语从句或表语从句时，一般用 whether. The most important was whether they had gone. 最重要的是他们是不是已经走了。 Whether he will go with me is a secret. 他是否会和我一起去还是个秘密。 if 能引导条件状语从句，表示“如果，假如”，而 whether 没有此用法。 Well have a fo
