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1、Unit1 Lesson1 1 矿物（minerals） Minerals definition: Minerals by definition are natural inorganic substances possessing definite chemical compositions and atomic structures. 矿物的定义：具有稳定的化学成分、晶体结构的天然无机化合物。 Mineral types: native and metallic form, oxides, sulphides, carbonates, silicates and chlorides. 矿物
2、的种类：主要按化学成分划分：单质矿物、氧化物、硫化物、碳酸盐、硅酸盐、卤化物等。 Isomorphism: substitution of atoms within the crystal structure by similar atoms takes place without affecting the atomic structure. 类质同象：矿物晶体中的原子被类似原子取代而不改变矿物晶体结构的现象。例如：铁橄榄石镁橄榄石。 Polymorphism: different minerals have the same chemical composition, but marked
3、ly different physical properties due to a difference in atomic structure. 同质多象：矿物的化学成分相同，但晶体结构和物理化学性质不同的现象。例如：金刚石、石墨。 Rocks: Rocks consist of a variety of minerals and form large parts of the earths crust. Granite, for instance, which is the most abundant igneous rock, is composed of three main mine
4、ral constituents, feldspar, quartz, and mica. 岩石：由一种或多种矿物组成的天然集合体，例如：花岗岩主要由石英、长石、云母以不同比例组成。 2 矿石ores Ore: An ore can be described briefly as an accumulation of mineral in sufficient quantity as to be capable of economic extraction. 矿石:具有经济利用价值的矿物集合体. Classification: （1） Ores are frequently classed a
5、ccording to the nature of the valuable mineral, such as native ores, sulphide ores and oxidised ores. （2） Ores are also classified by the nature of their gangues, such as calcareous or basic (lime rich), or siliceous, or acidic (silica rich) 矿石的分类:（1）根据有用矿物的性质分为:自然元素矿石(单质矿石)、硫化矿和氧化矿等。（2）根据脉石矿物的性质分为：
6、钙质矿石、硅质矿石、酸性矿石等。 3 金属矿石与非金属矿石metallic ores and non-metallic ores Ores of economic value can be classed as metallic (when it is used to prepare the metal) or non-metallic (when it is used to make material), according to the use of the mineral. 根据矿物的用途划分：如果以提取矿物中的金属为目的，则成为金属矿石；如果矿物直接利用，则称之为非金属矿石。Revie
7、w of the last lesson 1 矿物（minerals） Minerals by definition are natural inorganic substances possessing definite chemical compositions and atomic structures. Isomorphism: Many minerals exhibit isomorphism, where substitution of atoms within the crystal structure by similar atoms takes place without a
8、ffecting the atomic structure. Polymorphism: Minerals can also exhibit polymorphism, different minerals having the same chemical composition, but markedly different physical properties due to a difference in atomic structure. 2 矿石ores Ore: An ore can be described briefly as an accumulation of minera
9、l in sufficient quantity as to be capable of economic extraction. 3 金属矿石与非金属矿石metallic ores and non-metallic ores Ores of economic value can be classed as metallic (when it is used to prepare the metal) or non-metallic (when it is used to make material), according to the use of the mineral. Lesson2
10、Types of coal煤的种类 Lignite, Sub-bituminous coal, Bituminous coal and Anthracite. 主要包括:褐煤、亚烟煤、烟煤、无烟煤 Coking and use of coke炼焦及焦炭的应用 Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven without oxy
11、gen at temperatures as high as 1,000 C (1,832 F) so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. 焦炭是一种从低灰、低硫的烟煤中获得的固态碳质残余物，烟煤在隔绝氧气的条件下和1000度的高温下焙烧，驱除其中的挥发份，使固定碳和残留灰分熔融在一起。 Gasification Coal gasification breaks down the coal into its components, usually by subjecting it to high temperat
12、ure and pressure, using steam and measured amounts of oxygen. 煤气化是将煤分解为不同的组分，通常是使用蒸汽和一定量的氧气气氛，在高温、高压条件下进行。 Liquefaction液化 包括间接液化和直接液化两种方法 Indirect synthesis: Coal would be gasified to make syngas and the syngas can be condensed using Fischer-Tropsch catalysts(催化剂) to make light hydrocarbons which ar
13、e further processed into gasoline and diesel. 间接液化：首先将煤气化为合成气，然后在催化剂作用下将合成气浓缩制备轻质烃油，轻质烃油在进一步转化为汽油和柴油。 Direct liquefaction processes: liquefaction by hydrogenation, Solvent Refined Coal, Karrick process 直接液化：包括加氢液化、溶剂精炼、 Karrick法等。 The Fischer-Tropsch process (or Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis) is a catal
14、yzed chemical reaction in which synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. The most common catalysts are based on iron and cobalt, although nickel and ruthenium have also been used. The principal purpose of this process
15、is to produce a synthetic petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas or biomass, for use as synthetic lubrication oil or as synthetic fuel. Sasol (South African Coal and Oil) is a South African company involved in mining, energy, chemicals and synfuels. In particular, they produce petrol
16、 and diesel profitably from coal and natural gas using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The Bergius Process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of lignite (brown coal) at high temperature and pressure. It was first developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. Lignite or sub-bituminous coal is
