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1、Winter Olympic Games冬季奥运会Speed Skating 速度滑冰History 历史The first recorded competition in speed skating took place in Norway in 1863. While the International Skating Union (ISU) held its first championships in 1893, one year after the formation of the Union.有记载的首次速度滑冰比赛1863年在挪威举行。荷兰在1889年主办了首届世界锦标赛，189
2、2年国际滑冰联合会（ISU）成立，一年后举办了首届世界锦标赛。Speed skating has been on the Olympic Winter programmer ever since 1924. Women first competed at the Olympics in 1932 when it was a demonstration sport. Womens speed skating as a full medal sport began in 1960.速度滑冰运动是1924年首届冬奥会的项目之一，女子项目1932年作为表演赛参加了奥运会，在1960年的冬奥会才成为正式
3、比赛项目。Rule 规则Men compete in the 500-meter, 1000 meter, 1500 meter, 5000 meter and 10000 meter events. Women compete in the 500-meter, 1000 meter, 1500 meter, 3000 meter and 5000 meter events.男子项目包括：500米、1000米、1500米、5000米和10000米。女子项目包括：500米、1000米、1500米、3000米和5000米。Field of play 场地Long track speed skat
4、ers race in pairs on a 400-meter, oval-shaped track. 长道速滑选手两人一组在400米长的椭圆形赛道上比赛。crossover换道区Each skater stays in a separate lane and races in a counterclockwise direction. Because the inside lane is shorter than the outside lane, skaters switch lanes at a predetermined crossover point somewhere on th
5、e backstretch.每名选手在自己的的跑道内，逆时针方向滑行。由于内道比外道短，选手在提前设定好的非终点直道上的交叉点换道。During the crossover, the skater in the outside lane has the right of way.在换道区，外道选手有权先进内道。Skaters start either side-by-side or staggered, depending on the distance of the race. Each skater is allowed one warning for a false start befo
6、re disqualification. 根据比赛距离的长短，运动员出发方式可分为并肩式和梯形式。每名选手最多允许一次起跑犯规，否则失去比赛资格。During competitions, long track skaters wearing a white armband start in the inner lane; skaters wearing a red armband start in the outer lane.比赛时，长道选手要佩戴臂章指明自身赛道的位置，内道出发的选手佩戴白色臂章，外道出发的选手佩戴红色臂章。Equipment 器材Suits: Speed skaters
7、wear special skin-tight racing suits that are designed to reduce wind resistance. Racing suits include a hood that is worn over the head for minimum air drag and maximum speed.服装：速滑选手身着特制的紧身的滑冰服，用来减少风的阻力。滑冰服包括一顶头罩，可最小限度地减少风的阻力，最大程度地增加速度。 Short Track Speed Skating 短道速度滑冰History 历史It was not until the
8、 early 1900s that short track found its audience in North America. The United States and Canada organized short track competitions as far back as 1906 and organized an annual international short track championship in 1921.20世纪初，短道速滑才在北美地区举行公开的比赛。1906年，美国和加拿大联合举办了短道速滑的国际比赛，1921年开始举行每年一度的国际短道速滑锦标赛。Sho
9、rt track speed skating made its first Olympic appearance at the 1988 Calgary Games as a demonstration sport and featured 10 events. The sports popularity was immediately apparent. The IOC admitted short track to the Olympic program in 1992.短道速滑首次在冬奥会上亮相是在1988年的卡尔加里冬奥会上，当时短道速滑仅仅是表演项目，设置了10个小项。随后，这个项目
10、得到了迅速普及。1992年国际奥委会（IOC）正式把短道速滑列为奥运会项目。Following the success of its Olympic debut, short track was expanded to six events in Lillehammer in 1994, with the men and women competing in the 500, 1000 and relay. The program has once again been expanded for the Salt Lake Games, with the IOC adding the mens
11、 and womens 1500 for a total of eight events.短道速滑在冬奥会的第一次亮相获得了巨大的成功后，在1994年的利勒哈默尔冬奥会上，短道速滑共设立了6个小项，即男女500米、1000米和接力。在盐湖城冬奥会上，短道速滑所设立的小项继续增加，IOC又加设了男女1500米的比赛，使短道速滑的比赛项目达到8项。Rules 规则Short track speed skating consists of eight events:速度滑冰包括以下8项：Men :500m（500米）; 1000m（1000米）; 1500m（1500米）; 5000m relay
12、（5000米接力）Women：500m（500米）; 1000m（1000米）; 1500m（1500米）; 3000m relay（3000米接力）500 meters 500米This four-and-a-half lap race is an all-out sprint. Individual heats feature four skaters at a time in a mass start.4圈半的完全冲刺。个人赛的预赛阶段是以4人为一组的集体出发方式进行。1000 meters 1000米A very tactical race. The skaters gradually
13、 speed up until they are at top speed for the last two or three laps of this nine-lap race. Individual heats feature four skaters at a time in a mass start.一种非常具备战术的比赛。总共滑9圈，选手在前几圈逐渐加速，最后两三圈时提到最高速度。个人赛是以4人为一组的集体出发方式进行。1500 metersThe 1500 requires great stamina and strategy, since the heats, quarterf
14、inals, semis and final are contested in a single day. Each race consists of 13.5 laps and measures almost a mile. 1500米在一天内要赛完小组赛、1/4决赛、半决赛和决赛，所以运动员需要具备良好的持久力和战术。每轮比赛有13.5圈，大约1英里。The Relay 接力3000 m Relay （3000米接力）/5000 m Relay（5000米接力）The womens 3000 relay consists of teams of four skaters who must
15、complete 27 laps around the oval. The mens relay consists of teams of four skaters who must complete 45 laps around the oval.女子3000米接力赛每队4名选手，共需滑27圈。男子5000米接力赛每队4名选手，共需滑45圈。The mens and womens short track relays are two-day competitions consisting of a semifinal and a final.男女短道接力赛分半决赛和决赛，通常在两天内赛完。E
16、ach of the four skaters on a team must skate at least once. The number of laps each athlete takes is up to the team. The only requirement is that the last two laps are taken by the same person.一队中的4名选手，每人须至少滑一次。每名选手自行决定滑行圈数。唯一限制是最后两圈必须由同一名选手完成。Changeovers are performed at high speeds and are generally done on the straight
