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1、交通工程专业英语English in Traffic Engineering姓名: 刘笑笑 班级： 交工一班10号 指导老师: 常丽君 Driver Behavior and AccidentsSome types of improper driving as related to accidents can be the results of either willful or inadvertent errors. Unfortunately, it is not easy to discover which type of behavior has caused an accident.
2、An October 1970 report by the U. S. Department of Transportation deals with this difficult problem and concludes: the negligence law usually treats driver error both avoidable and unreasonable, and imposes liability pursuant to an objective standard to which all drivers are held. But a review of the
3、 available research indicates that a significant gap exists between the standard of behavior required by the negligence law and the average behavior normally exhibited by most drivers.The report also says: You will note that the standard of care required is that exercised by a person of reasonable a
4、nd ordinary prudence, rather than that exercised by a person of extreme caution or exceptional skill. While exceptional skill is to be admired and encouraged, the law dose not demand it as a general standard of conduct. Many programs of driver improvement seem to be based on an assumption of willful
5、 misbehavior and therefore concentrate on the multiple violator and accident repeater. However, studies by Campbell show that there 13 little evidence to support this position. Most accidents involve drivers with good records who have not had any previous serious crashes. In other words, the old con
6、cept of the accident-prone driver is not supported by the facts.Each year traffic accidents seem to be distributed among the states m about the same proportion per millions of vehicle-miles driven. Raw numbers of fatal crashes occur more frequently during the summer and fall when there is more trave
7、l. These facts all seem to point to the conclusion that the more driving we do, the more the chance of an accident occurring increases, the more do occur. This would seem to argue for the major role of change in the distribution of fatal crashes. Undoubtedly, chance factors are acting, but each acci
8、dent was caused and therefore could have been prevented.Since the majority of motor vehicle accidents occur in daylight on dry roads with sound vehicles, the causes seem to be with the drivers and the ways in which they interact with the roadway. The more that is understood about drivers, the more l
9、ikely are traffic control and remedial efforts to be successful. Burg deal with this question and presents the following conclusions: （1）Biographical descriptors: A justification exists for differential licensing for both young and old drivers, and implementation of such a program is feasible. Not f
10、easible, however, is differential licensing on the basis of such factors as marital status, education, or annual mileage, although research results would suggest such a move.(2)Chronic medical conditions: There is sufficient evidence relating certain serve medical conditions to accidents to suggest
11、that short-term licensing of such individuals might prove beneficial. However, final action of this sort should not be taken without confirmation of present findings through a carefully controlled study?Hearing: Present evidence suggests that the deaf driver may be at a disadvantage, and that specia
12、l training programs and/or special aids might be of benefit; however, additional research again is needed before action is warranted.?Loss of limb; There is no evidence to justify taking any action in this area.?Vision: Research results indicate that vision is indeed related to driving. However, the
13、 magnitude of the relationship appears to lie small, and the question of practical significance arises; however, it is interesting to note that Shinar found that nighttime accident involvement is related to poor visual acuity under nighttime levels of illumination, but unrelated to visual acuity und
14、er high (daytime) levels of illumination .Burg states: How much improvement in the traffic accident picture can be effected by more effective vision screening? By the same token, of what value are present licensing techniques such as written examination and driver tests? These are questions that hav
15、e no clear-cut answers, for definitive research has yet to be done, and other factors, such as face validity and tradition1 serve to confound the issue .Drivers can become involved in accidents even as innocent victims and yet be included in some records. Because of legal implications, many such records do not distinguish the at fault driver from those not at fault, which makes research in group behavior very difficult. Therefore, care must be exercised when examining studies of driving accident records to know what criteria were used.翻译: 行为与交通事故部分交通事故的发生可能是由于司机故意或者疏
