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1、江苏省扬州市2020高考英语 阅读理解精品训练（22）扬州市2020高考英语阅读理解精品训练（22）及答案解析 (2020南京二模，D)In 1890 William James, the American philosopher and physician and one of the founders of modern psychology, defined psychology as “the science of mental life” and this definition provides a good starting point for our understanding
2、even today. We all have a mental life and therefore have some idea about what this means, even though it can be studied in rats or monkeys as well as in people and the concept remains difficult to understand.Like most psychologists, William James was particularly interested in human psychology，which
3、 he thought consisted of certain basic elements: thoughts and feelings, a physical world which exists in time and space，and a way of knowing about these things. For each of us, this knowledge is primarily personal and private. It comes from our own thoughts ，feelings and experience of the world, and
4、 may or may not be influenced by scientific facts about things. For this reason, it is easy for us to make judgements about psychological matters using our own experience as a standard. We behave as amateur psychologists when we offer opinions on complex psychological phenomena. However, problems ar
5、ise when two people understand these things differently. Formal psychology attempts to provide methods for deciding which explanations are most likely to be correct, or for determining the circumstances under which each applies. The work of psychologists helps us distinguish between inside informati
6、on，which is subjective, and may be prejudiced and unreliable, and the facts：between our predictions and what is“true” in scientific terms.Psychology, as defined by William James, is about the mind or brain, but although psychologists do study the brain, we do not understand nearly enough about its w
7、orkings to be able to comprehend the part that it plays in the experience and expression of our hopes, fears, and wishes，or in our behaviour during experiences as varied as giving birth or watching a football match. Indeed, it is rarely possible to study the brain directly. So, psychologists have di
8、scovered more by studying our behaviour, and by using their observations to obtain hypotheses(假设) about what is going on inside us.本文主要讲述的是对心理学这一概念的定义和理解。13The first paragraph is mainly about _.A. the founder of modern psychologyB. the definition of psychologyC. the complexity of psychologyD. the in
9、fluence of psychology答案：B。主旨大意题。由首段首句中的“.defined psychology asthe science of mental life.”和尾句中的“the concept remains difficult to understand”可知本段主要说的是心理学的定义，故选B。14From Paragraph 2, we can know that problems arise because _.A. of the difference between inside information and the factsB. of different t
10、houghts and feelings about psychologyC. people usually make judgements based on their own ideasD. amateur psychologists cannot use scientific terms答案：C。事实细节题。总览第2段中的内容可知，问题的出现是由于人们通常是基于自己的想法作出判断，因而会见仁见智，故选C。15According to the passage, psychologists study the brain mainly_.A. in a direct way B. with
11、their own experienceC. by observing how it works D. by watching peoples behaviour答案：D。事实细节题。由第3段尾句“So，psychologists have discovered more by studying our behaviour，and by using their observations to obtain hypotheses about what is going on inside us.”可知D项正确。16Which of the following can be the first s
12、entence in the fourth paragraph?A. Psychology is also about the ways people use their mental abilities to operate in the world around them.B. William James is considered to be the greatest psychologist in the 1890s.C. Psychology suggests that living beings adapt to a changing environment so that the
13、y can survive.D. It is important for psychologists，as well as ordinary people，to be aware of the reasons.答案：A。推理判断题。从语篇结构可知，第1段引出心理学的概念，第2段谈论心理学的构成要素以及就同一问题产生歧义的原因，第3段说的是研究心理学的方法是研究人的行为，按行文逻辑推理第4段应该是谈论心理学也是关于人们把脑力应用到他们周围的世界的方式。故选A。(2020江西九校联考，E)Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to yo
14、ur life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbors，even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr，who wrote that widowers(鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying
15、than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a mans life and two to a womans. The effect holds for all causes of death，whether illness, accident or selfharm.Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Wa
16、ite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesnt smoke. Theres a flip_side，however，as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple o
