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1、 .Definition定义An academic essay,also called a research article,differs from an ordinary essay in that it consists of the review of previous studies on a particular topic and ones own research.In most cases it is a kind of documented report from the writers first-hand acquisition,synthesis and interp
2、retation of information,data and findings.A typical academic essay includes five parts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusion and reference.一个学术论文，也被称为一个研究文章，不同于普通的文章，它由一个特定主题的对前人研究的回顾和自己的研究组成。在大多数情况下，它是一个信息综合、数据和结果都由作家第一手采集和解释的书面报告。一个典型的学术论文包括五个部分，即，摘要，介绍，主体，结论和参考文献。Two types of research pape
3、r两种类型的研究论文There are two major kinds of academic paper:primary research paper and secondary research paper.A primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your own.In most cases you need to conduct a survey or a
4、n experiment original ideas to obtain new findings.Hence it is sometimes called “survey-or-experiment-based research”.A secondary research paper,however,involves gathering and analyzing the research findings from other peoples research.To illustrate your argument,you need to borrow and use evidence
5、and findings available on the topic in the library or on the Internet.Hence it is sometimes called”library-or-Internet-based research”.学术论文主要有两大类：初次研究和二次研究。初次研究是通过实地调查研究对象的一门学科，需要提出您自己的独到的见解和信息。在大多数情况下，你需要做一个调查或有创意的实验获得新的发现。因此，初次研究有时也叫“调查或实验研究”。二次研究的论文，但是，包括从其他人的研究中收集和分析研究结果。为了说明你的论点，你需要在图书馆或在互联网上发现
6、相关主题的可借鉴和使用的证据。因此，二次研究有时被称为“图书馆或互联网基础研究”。 Writing an introduction写一个介绍The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to give a clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author is.An introduction usually includes the following element
7、s:引言部分是一篇研究论文的开始，其主要目的是对文章的内容和作者的态度作一个清晰的概述，介绍通常包括以下几个方面：1) Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.2) Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.3) Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.4) Review the previous relate
8、d studies and point out their limitation if necessary.5) State the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.6) Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.7) Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.8) Explain how the essay will be organized(the outli
9、ne of the essay).1） 介绍研究论文所关注的有关话题或问题。 2） 给出了一个主题和相关的关键术语的明确的定义。 3） 提供相关的背景信息/话题背景。 4） 回顾以前的相关研究，如果必要的话，并指出其局限性。 5） 介绍了本文可能使用的理论观点。 6） 介绍了本文可能使用的理论观点。 7） 说明你的主题的选择或你的研究的原因。 8）解释文章将如何组织（论文的提纲）。 Of course not all research papers must contain all these elements.A primary research essay,for example,diff
10、ers from a secondary research one in that the literature review of the latter should be general as you will give more details in the body section where previous findings will be used to support your arguments.However,the introduction section usually goes from the general to the specific.It starts wi
11、th the information of the topic in the broad context and then narrows down to the information more specifically related to the length of the paper and requirements of different journals(or conferences).当然不是所有的论文必须包含所有这些元素。例如一个初次的研究论文，不同于二次的研究，后者的文献综述你一般应该是在以前的研究结果将被用来支持你的论点的主体部分会给更多的细节。 然而，绪论部分通常是从一
12、般到特殊，首先是大背景下的主题信息，然后缩小信息到更具体的相关论文和期刊（或会议）要求的不同的长度。 Stating the purpose of writing the essay is important.Its function is to make sure the readers know what you are trying to achieve by writing this essay.This includes establishing the topic and explaining what you will do with the topic,for example:
13、说明写文章的目的是很重要的。它的功能是要确保读者知道你试图通过写这篇文章来达到什么目的。这包括建立这个主题，并解释你将在这一主题做什么，例如： 1) This essay will focus on the most common use of keyhole surgery which is as an intervention in cases of colon cancer in Hong Kong.2) The purpose of this essay is to examine the impact on Shanghai of the commercial application
14、 of maglev trains.3) The goal of this essay is to examine the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of teenagers.1） 这篇文章将集中在最常见的用途为香港结肠癌患者的干预的锁孔手术上。 2） 这篇文章的目的是研究磁悬浮列车对上海的商业应用的影响。 3）这篇文章的目的是研究经常性消费快餐对青少年健康的影响。Hence the common format for making the statement of purpose:因此，制定目的声明的通
15、用格式：Writing the body of a secondary research essay写二级研究论文的正文 Definition定义The body section is the major part of an essay.Its structure varies from essay to essay.The structure of a secondary research essay will be simpler as you do not have to conduct an experiment or survey of your own or carry out an empirical study.What you do is to use recent findings and data available on the Internet to illustrate your ideas.Hence the steps are:正文部分是文章的主要部分。不同文章论述的结构不同。二次论文的结构会由于你没有进行自己的实验或调查或进行实证研究而变得简单。你要做的是使用在互联网上的最近的调查结果和数据来说明你的观点。因此，步骤是：1) Evaluate all source materials
