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1、Unit 4 Learning efficiently-语法篇_1. 掌握虚拟语气运用；2. 掌握常考虚拟语气的解题方法；虚拟语气一. 定义虚拟语气用来表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。二. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。1. 真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是“如果”的意思。2. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用1) 表示与现在事实相反的假设时，从句谓动用“过去式（be的过去式用
2、were）”，主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+动词原形”。例如：If I had time，I would attend the meeting.If I were you，I should seize the chance to go abroad.2) 表示与过去事实相反的假设时，从句谓动用“had+过去分词”，主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+ have+过去分词”。例如：If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams.3) 表示与将来事实
3、相反的假设时，从句谓动可以用三种形式: a. “动词过去式”； b. “were to+动词原形”； c. “should+动词原形”，主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+动词原形”。例如：If you came tomorrow，we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow，the sports meeting would be put off.If he should not come tomorrow，we should put off the meeting till next Monday.使
4、用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点：(1) 错综时间条件句当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如：If you had taken my advice，you would know what to do now.要是那时你听我劝告的话，你现在就知道该做什么了。(2) if的省略和倒装在条件句中可省略 if，把were，had，should 提到句首，变为倒装句式。例如:If I were at school again，I would study harder.Were I at school again
5、，I would study harder.If you had come earlier，you would catch the bus.Had you come earlier，you would catch the bus.If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.注意： 当省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。比如，我们可以说：Were it not for the expense，I would go a
6、broad now.但不能说：Werent it for the expense，I would go abroad now.(3) 含蓄条件句 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with，without，but for。例如:What would you do with a million dollars？(if you had a million dollars)We couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help.(if we hadnt got your help)Without your help，w
7、e couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.(But for your help，.If it had not been for your help，.Had it not been for your help，.) 用otherwise，however，but或分词短语等代替条件状语从句。例如:He would have gone to the party，but he was ill yesterday.他昨天想去参加宴会，但是那时他病了。The firemen arrived in time. Otherwise the house wo
8、uld have been burnt to the ground.消防队员及时赶到了，不然的话，房子就烧毁了。Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.若是多加注意，这些树就会长得更好。三. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用1. 用于宾语从句中(1) wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词构成形式为：a. 过去时（宾从动作与wish同时）；b. 过去完成时（宾从动作先于wish）；c. could/ would/ might+动词原形，即过去将来时（宾从动作后于wish）。例如:I wish I
9、 remembered his address.我希望我记得他的地址。I wish I had studied hard.我多么希望我那时学习刻苦。(2)表示建议、要求、命令等词后的宾语从句中，动词有：demand, order, require, insist（坚决主张）, suggest（建议）, propose, advise, decide, determine, vote(提议), command, arrange(安排、协商), desire, prefer, intend等，从句谓动用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。例如:The doctor suggested
10、/insisted that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.医生建议/坚持她卧床几天。注意： 当suggest作“暗示、表明”讲，insist作“坚持说”讲，即坚持事实是怎样时，that 从句中的谓语动词不用虚拟语气。例如：The look on his face suggested that he was unhappy.他脸上的表情暗示出他不高兴。Mike insisted that he was right.迈克坚持认为自己是对的。(3) would (had) rather，would just as soon，would sooner，w
11、ould prefer从句结构，这几个句型都表示一种“婉转的责备”，谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。例如:I would rather you didnt go there.我宁愿你不去那儿。(4) If only 引导的感叹句中。例如:If only I were a bird! 我要是只鸟儿多好啊！2. 用于主语从句中It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essentialthat 从句，从句中的谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should
12、可以省略。例如:It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off till next week.It is strange that he(should)have acted toward his parents like that.(act 发生在主句谓语动词be之前时，要用should have过去分词)注意： 以上句式也可以用于陈述语气。例如:Its strange that he didnt come yesterday.Its a pity that you cant dance.3. 用于表语从句和同位语从句中在suggestio
13、n，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice 等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should动词原形”。如：My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing.四. 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用1. 在as if/though 引导的方式状语和even if/though 引导的让步状语从句中：一般过去时表示与现在或将来
14、事实相反；过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。例如:She loves the boy as if he were her own son.她喜欢这个男孩子就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。2. 在in order that，so that引导的目的状语从句中，经常用“could/might/may/can动词原形”表示虚拟语气。例如:He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.他早起为的是能够赶上第一班公共汽车。3. 在in case that，for fear that 引导的目的状语从句中，经常用“should动词原形”表示虚拟语气，sh
15、ould不可省略。例如:She puts a coat over the baby for fear that he should catch a cold.她把一个大衣盖在小孩身上，以免他着凉。4. if only 后面需要用虚拟语气：一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。例如:If only I could operate the computer.要是我会操作电脑该多好。If only he had known it.要是他知道这件事该多好。五. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用It is high/about time that.句型中一般用过去时或“should动词原形”(但should不可省略)表示虚拟语气，前者更为常用。例如:Its high/about time that children went/should go to school.到了孩子们上学的时候了。1.What would have happened，_ as far as the
