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1、 .Unit Five Environmental Impacts of TransportationText A Environmental impacts of transportationTransportation systems affect the environment in many ways. Three of the many transportation related major impacts are air quality, noise generation, and energy consumption. Therefore, the environment im
2、pact analysis has become an integral part of contemporary transportation planning and decision-making.交通运输系统在许多方面对环境产生影响，其中三个主要方面包括空气质量、噪音和能源消耗，因此，环境影响分析已经成为当代交通规划和决策过程中必不可少的一部分。Air pollutionThe combustion of fuels used by transportation vehicles releases several contaminants into the atmosphere, in
3、cluding carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and lead and other particulate matter.运输车辆在燃烧燃料时会向大气中释放几种污染物，包括一氧化碳、烃化物、氮氧化合物、铅以及其他特殊物质。Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, which have been detected in exhaust emissions, are the result of the incomplete combustion of fuel. Particulates are mi
4、nute solid or liquid particles that are suspended in the air. They are aerosols, smoke, and dust particles. The even more harmful photochemical smog is the result of complex reaction of oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons under the sunlight.尾气中检测出的一氧化碳和烃化物是由于燃料地不完全燃烧产生的，（排出的）微粒包括了悬浮在空气中细小固体颗粒或液体颗粒，它
5、们形成了喷雾、烟以及灰尘，而（相对来说对环境）更加有害的光化学烟雾则是由于氮氧化物和烃化物在光照中发生一系列复杂反应产生的结果。Air pollutants, once emitted into the atmosphere, start to mix and spread out in all directions. The degree of the diffusion depends on topographic, climatic, and meteorological conditions, which include wind speed and direction, and at
6、mospheric stability.空气污染物一旦释放到大气中便开始朝四面八方弥漫并与空气混合，扩散的程度取决于地形、天气以及气象学条件（包括风速、风向和大气稳定度）等。The assessment of the air pollution effects of transportation may be undertaken at three levels: micro-scale analysis in the immediate vicinity of a transportation facility such as a highway, meso-scale analysis i
7、n areas that are somewhat removed from the facility, which includes the contribution of other mobile and stationary sources of pollution, and macro-scale analysis, extending from the regional to the global level.交通运输对空气污染的评估可分为三个层次：交通设施（如公路）临近区域小范围的分析，对区域中交通设施一定范围内的移动污染源和固定污染源所做的中等范围分析，最后从某个区域到全球不同层
8、次的大范围分析。NoiseNoise is undesirable and unwanted sound and as such it is cloaked with certain degree of subjectivity. Extended exposure to excessive sound has been shown to produce physical and psychological damage. Noise adds to mental stress because of its annoyance and disturbance.噪音是一类人们不希望听到的声音，人
9、们在主观上会对它有一定程度的屏蔽，但当人过多的暴露在噪音中时则会对人的生理和心理造成伤害，此外，由于噪音的干扰、易造成人的恼怒情绪等使得人们会产生一定的精神压力。Transportation operations are major contributors to nose in the modern urban environment. Noise generated by the engine and exhaust system of vehicles, by aerodynamic friction, and by the interaction between the vehicle
10、 and its support system, for example, the interaction between tire and road surface, wheel and rail. Because noise diminishes with distance from the source, the most serious transportation related noise problems are kept in a restricted space, such as transportation corridors (e.g., highway, railway
11、 and air flight paths) and major transportation terminals(e.g., airports and transit terminals).运输活动是现代城市环境中噪音的主要来源，由于发动机、汽车排气系统、与空气的摩擦、车辆和支撑系统之间的相互作用等产生了噪音，例如，轮胎和路面、车轮和铁轨（之间的相互作用和摩擦等）。因为噪音是从声源向外逐级减弱，所以繁忙的交通运输易产生噪音问题，必须限制在一定区域内，如运输通道（公路、铁路和机场跑道内）和主要交通运输站点（如机场和公交站）。Energy consumptionA significant por
12、tion of the energy consumption in the world, especially petroleum-based, is expended for transportation purpose. For example, around 1970, the population of the United States constituted about 6% of the worlds population but used about 30% of the global petroleum consumption. A little more than half
13、 of the petroleum used in this country is expended for transportation related purpose. The energy requirements of transportation systems should include direct energy expenditures, consisting mainly of the propulsion energy expended by individual vehicles, and indirect energy expenditures, consisting
14、 of the energy expended by construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation systems. Recognition of the ultimate depletion of crude oil has brought this issue into sharp focus.世界上能源消耗（尤其是石油消耗）较大的部分主要是用于运输目的，例如，1970年，美国人口占世界人口的6%，而石油消耗却占了全球消耗的30%，美国国内超过一半的石油消耗被用于与运输相关的目的。交通运输系统对能源的需求包含直接能源需
15、求和间接能源需求，直接能源需求主要由私人汽车对能源的消耗为主，而间接需求则包括来自建筑、维修保养、及维持交通运输系统运行所需的能源的消耗。目前对最终原油消耗的认识已经成为一个非常重要的焦点。Energy conservation strategies can be classified into three categories that are aimed at technological innovations, improvements in traffic flow, and reduction of the total vehicle miles of travel. The imp
16、rovements in the fuel efficiency of the existing technologies and the development of new types of engines and toward the utilization of alternate fuels such as alcohol, hydrogen as well as electricity, which can be derived from various sources, are among those in the first category. Considerations of the effect of high way design and maintenance (e.g., grades, curvature, and pavement condition) on fuel consumption and congestion0reducing s
