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1、 nAccording to the usages of the sentences n1 Declarative sentences n2 Interrogative sentences n3 Imperative sentences n4 Exclamatory sentences nAccording to the structures of the sentences n1 simple sentences n2 Compound sentences n3 Complex sentences Types of sentences According to Rhetoric ret ri
2、k 修辞学 Loose Periodic and Balanced sentences Loose Sentences 松散句或散体句 nA loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information nIn other words it puts first things first nAnd lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words nEx nI am willing to pay sli
3、ghtly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada considering the free health care the cheap tuition fees the low crime rate the comprehensive social programs and the wonderful winters n The main point of this sentence is that the writer prefers to live in Canada and the writer makes the poin
4、t at the very beginning everything which follows is simply extra information Loose sentences nLoose sentence is the one which the main idea is placed first nNo suspense is attempted It goes straight to the point so that the reader gets it before he comes to the end of the sentence nLoose sentences a
5、re easier simpler more natural and direct Periodic Sentences 掉尾句 圆周句 整体句 nA periodic sentence nThe main idea is expressed at or near the end of it nAnd it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached nThe reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it It is more
6、complex emphatic formal and literary Periodic Sentences nIt is important to remember that periodic sentences nUsed once or twice in a piece of writing they can be very effective nUsed any more than that they can make you sound dull and pompous 浮夸 Examples na She decided to study English though she w
7、as interested in music b Although she was interested in music she finally decided to study English nThe main idea of both sentences is the fact that she decided to study English nThis idea is put at the beginning of the first sentence and at the end of the second thus making one a loose sentence and
8、 the other a periodic one Examples na She decided to study English though she was interested in music b Although she was interested in music she finally decided to study English nBesides the first part of the first sentence is complete in structure nBut that of the second is only an adverbial clause
9、 and cannot be called a sentence without the second part Periodic Sentence n It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife n有一条举世公认的真理 那就是凡有钱的单身汉 总想娶位太太 nHe was offered a professional contract after winning the Olympic gold medal f
10、or figure skating according to newspaper reports n Loose Sentence nAccording to newspaper reports after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating he was offered a professional contract n Periodic sentence nThere have been many great discoveries made by scientists in the twentieth century Loo
11、se sentence Scientists in the twentieth century have made many great discoveries Periodic sentence nI enjoyed the opera because the music is beautiful because the performers are excellent nLoose sentence nBecause the music is beautiful and the performers are excellent I enjoyed the opera nPeriodic s
12、entence nBalanced sentences 平行句 对偶句 When a sentence contains two parts of the same structure and roughly the same length and with contrasted or similar ideas It is a balanced sentence e g 1 He likes pop music his girlfriend hates it 2 The old man is not lack of money but lack of happiness 3 On heari
13、ng the news he was excited and I was worried nGenerally well written compositions are not entirely made up of loose or periodic or balanced sentences They should be a mixture of the three for the sake of variety Effective Sentences n Correctness alone can not make a good sentence It has to be effect
14、ive at the same time Effective sentences have some of the following qualities nunity 一致性 ncoherence 连贯性 nConciseness 简洁性 nEmphasis 强调性 nVariety 多样性 Unity 统一性 A unified sentence means everything in the sentence should contribute to making one clear idea Unity refers to two qualities there is only one
15、 main idea in a sentence and that idea is complete The explorer who has just returned from the Antarctic is busy writing reports on his adventures on that ice covered continent where he did not see any animals except penguins nThis is a long sentence with many parts including two clauses It has one
16、central idea the explorer is writing reports on his adventures in the Antarctic and all the other ideas are related to this central idea Look at the example n Bring into a sentence only related thoughts and put unrelated thoughts in another sentence or sentences E g Born in Sichuan Province he later became a famous writer This is a correct but not a good sentence because the two parts mentioned in it are not logically connected a man born in Sichuan is not certain to become a famous writer We ca
