《现代语言学前五章课后习题答案》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《现代语言学前五章课后习题答案（22页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter 1 Introduction1. Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 请解释以下语言学的定义:语言学是对语言的科学研究。Linguistics investigates not any particular languagebut languages in general.Linguistic study is scientific because it is baxxxxsed on the systematic in
2、vestigation of authentic language data.No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually usedformulating some hypothesesand testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity.语言学研究的不
3、是任何特定的语言，而是一般的语言。语言研究是科学的，因为它是建立在对真实语言数据的系统研究的基础上的。只有在语言学家做了以下三件事之后，才能得出严肃的语言学结论:观察语言的实际使用方式，提出一些假设，并用语言事实检验这些假设的正确性。1. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 语言学的主要分支是什么?他们每个人都研究什么?Phonetics-How speech sounds are produced and classified语音学语音是如何产生和分类的Phonology-How
4、sounds form systems and function to convey meaning音系学声音如何形成系统和功能来传达意义Morphology-How morphemes are combined to form words形态学词素如何组合成单词Sytax-How morphemes and words are combined to form sentences句法学-词素和单词如何组合成句子Semantics-The study of meaning ( in abstraction)语义学意义的研究(抽象)Pragmatics-The study of meaning
5、in context of use语用学在使用语境中对意义的研究Sociolinguistics-The study of language with reference to society社会语言学研究与社会有关的语言Psycholinguistics-The study of language with reference to the workings of the mind心理语言学:研究与大脑活动有关的语言Applied Linguistics-The application of linguistic principles and theories to language tea
6、ching and learning应用语言学语言学原理和理论在语言教学中的应用1. What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 现代语言学与传统语法有何不同?Modern linguistics is descxxxxriptive;its investigations are baxxxxsed on authenticand mainly spoken language data. 现代语言学是描述性的，它的研究是基于真实的，主要是口语数据。Traditional grammar is prescxx
7、xxriptive;it is baxxxxsed on “high” written language.传统语法是指令性的，它是以“高级”书面语言为基础的。1. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic?Why?现代语言学主要是共时的还是历时的?为什么?Modern linguistics is mainly synchronicfocusing on the present-day language.Unless the various states of a language are successfully studie
8、dit will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.现代语言学主要是共时的，侧重于当代语言。除非语言的各种状态已成功地研究，否则就不可能从历时的角度来描述语言。1. Which enjoys priority in modern linguisticsspeech or writing?Why?在现代语言学中，口头语和书面语哪个优先?为什么?Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistic study for the follo
9、wing reasons:在现代语言学研究中，言语优先于写作，原因如下:1. Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. 就进化而言，语言先于文字。2. A larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.更多的交流是通过口头而不是书面进行的。1. Speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.言语是幼儿习得母语的形式。1. How is Saussures dis
10、tinction between language and parole similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance? 索绪尔对语言和言语的区分与乔姆斯基对能力和表现的区分有何相似之处?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language.Their purpose is to single out the language sys
11、tem for serious study索绪尔和乔姆斯基都对抽象语言系统和语言的实际使用进行了区分。他们的目的是把语言系统挑出来进行认真的研究。1. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a goodcomprehensive definition of language? 关于语言特征，你认为 好的、全面的语言定义应该包括哪些?Language is a rule-governed system. 受规则支配的系统Language is basically vocal. 基本上是发声的Lang
12、uage is arbitrary. 任意的。Language is used for human communication. 用于人际交往1. What features of human language have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system?C.霍克特列出了人类语言的哪些甄别性特征来证明它与任何动物的交流系统在本质上是不同的?Arbitrariness-no logical connection betw
13、een meanings and soundsto have an unlimited source of exxxxxpressionsa sign of sophistication only humans are capable of任意性（武断性）意思和声音之间没有逻辑联系，有无限的表达来源，这是只有人类才能做到的复杂的标志Creativity-it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its usersThis is why they can produce and undertan
14、d an infinitely large number of sentences.Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send创造性它使得用户可以构造和解释新的信号，这就是为什么他们可以产生和理解无限多的句子.动物能够发出的信息非常有限Duality-（meaningless sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and wordsthen the units a
15、t the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences）a feature totally lacking in any animal communication双重性(没有意义的声音可以分组和重新组合成大量的意义单位如语素和词然后在更高级别的单位可以安排和重新安排到无限的句子)动物之间完全没有交流的特征Displacement-language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situat
16、ions of the speaker.No animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situation移位性语言可以用来指从说话人的直接情景中移出的上下文。任何动物都不能“谈论”脱离当前环境的事物Cultural trasmission-Details of human language system are taught and learned while animals are born with the capacity to send out certain signals as a means of limited communication文化传递
