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1、专题一阅读理解全国卷3年考情分析题型与题量卷别细节理解题推理判断题主旨大意题词义猜测题考情分析从统计表可以看出，高考英语阅读理解的题型设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾主旨大意题和词义猜测题。细节理解题相对简单，而其他三种题型相对较难。在近两年的考查趋向上，细节理解题的答案更加隐蔽，叙述含蓄，直接信息题会越来越少，取而代之的将是事实细节题加入许多推理、判断、归纳等元素；推理判断题的难度会适当加大。本专题将对这四种题型进行递进式的指导。2018卷7521卷9321卷93212017卷7611卷5622卷66212016卷10311卷7512卷8412第一讲细节理解题定位信息巧比对细节理解题在
2、英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出正确答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。但有些细节理解题由于命题人故意设置障碍，把有用信息分散在文章不同位置，有时又有转折、否定等，因此有些题目需要仔细地思考、对比、计算、对上下文关键信息把握和分析。尽管细节理解题相对简单，但不可掉以轻心。细节理解题常见的考查题型有：直接信息题、间接信息题、概括细节理解题和正误判断题。一、题型特点要知晓(一)细节理解题常见设问方式1特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what,
3、 which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。2判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。3以“According to .”开头的提问形式。4填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from _.(二)细节理解题正确选项特征同义替换指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose ones job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成o
4、f importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。信息归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。原文原词利用原文原词作为正确选项。(三)细节理解题干扰选项特征张冠李戴是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。无中生有符合常识，但不是文章的内容。曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。正误参半部分正确，部分错误。二、方法技巧要用好直接信息题在解答直接信息题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关
5、键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程图如下：例(2018全国卷阅读D节选)I found the preholidays a good time to encourage young children to donate lessused things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to do
6、nate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)33What m
7、ade Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?ASaving up for her holiday.BRaising money for a poor girl.CAdding the money to her fund.DGiving the money to a sick mother.解题示范第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects锁信息定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源She chose to sell a few larger objects that wer
8、e less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).第二步：比对定答案选项选项意思定位A为她的假期储蓄。曲解文意B为一个贫困女孩募捐。曲解文意C把钱放入她的基金。同义替换D把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。无中生有分析选C比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。间接信息题间接信息题
9、相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。例(2018全国卷阅读B节选)Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberri
10、es are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.24What does the author seem t
11、o like about cherries?AThey contain protein.BThey are high in vitamin A.CThey have a pleasant taste.DThey are rich in antioxidants.解题示范第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：cherries锁信息定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.第二步：比对定答案选项选项意思定位A它们
12、含有蛋白质。张冠李戴B它们富含维生素A。张冠李戴C它们口感好。同义替换D它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。张冠李戴分析选C根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C”可知，原文中的they are so delicious被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。概括细节理解题概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段
13、之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。例(2018全国卷阅读C节选)At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, w
14、hile hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which m
15、eans that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.30How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?AAbout 6,800.BAbout 3,400.CAbout 2,400. DAbout 1,200.解题示范第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：6,000锁信息定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fe
