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1、语法要点 虚拟语气 Subjunctive Mood I 什么是语气 w语气是动词的一种形式 用以表示说话 人对某种言行或某种事情的看法或态度 w英语有三种语气 陈述语气 祈使语气 和虚拟语气 w陈述语气一般用来讲述事实或提出疑问 常常用于陈述句 疑问句和感叹句 e g I took a shower after supper What are you going to do What a beautiful flower w 祈使语气主要用于祈使句 e g Get out of here w虚拟语气 II 什么是虚拟语气 w虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式 表示说话 人所说的话不是事实 而是想象
2、 假设 建 议 打算 意见 愿望 怀疑 推测 喜悦 等等 e g If we had met her last night we would have told her what had happened 如果我们昨晚见到她 我们就会告诉她发生 了什么事 实际上 我们并没有见到她 也没有告诉 她所发生的事 为什么要学习虚拟语气 w虚拟语气是四级考试中重点考察的语法 点 历年四级考试中 仅仅单项填空部 分就一共出现了48道虚拟语气的题目 II 虚拟语气的最基本形式 w 非真实性条件句是虚拟语气最基本的 表现形式 i 由 if 来引导的非真实条件句 组成方式 非真实的条件从句 假设结果 主句 最基
3、本形式的表达方式 种类 从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式 与现在事实相反 动词过去式 would should be的过去式常用 might could were有时第三人 动词原形 称单数可用was 与过去事实相反had 过去分词 would should might could have 过去分 词 与将来事实相反 1 动词过去式 would should 2 should 动词原形 might could 3 were to 动词原形 动词原形 注意 w在主句中 should一般只与第一人称搭 配 could和might各人称都可以使用 但would是最普遍 最常见的 Examples w
4、如果他在这里 他就会帮助我们 If he were here he would help us w如果昨天没下雨 我们就去踢足球了 If it had not rained yesterday we would have played football w如果敌人胆敢袭击我们 我们将把他们 全消灭 If the enemy were to should attack us we would wipe them out completely 实战练习 1 w例 1995年6月四级第46题 We didn t know his telephone number otherwise we him A
5、 would have telephoned B must have telephoned C would telephone D had telephoned 解题思路 w本题是与过去时相反的虚拟句 从句中 用过去完成式 主句中用would have done w本句相当于If we had known his telephone number we would have telephoned him 答案是A would have telephoned 实战练习 2 w例 1996年1月四级第44题 Jean doesn t want to work right away because
6、she thinks that if she a job she probably wouldn t be able to see her friends very often A has to get B had got C were to get D could have got 解题思路 w本句的意思是 琼不想马上就工作 她认 为要是找了工作 就不能经常探访她的朋友 了 这说明 琼目前没有工作 w句中假设的情况在近期内并不会存在 该条 件句应当用表示将来情况的虚拟语气 条件 从句的谓语用should或were to引出 因此 C were to get 是本题答案 w选项A has to
7、 get是陈述语气的现在时 不 能用于虚拟条件句中 选项B had got是虚 拟语气的过去时 不能表示将来时间 选项 D could have got不能用于虚拟语气的条件 从句中 ii 错综时间条件句 w有时虚拟条件从句表示的动作和主句发生的 动作在时间上不一致 例如 一个与过去事 实相反 另一个与现在事实相反 这种句子 可称为错综时间条件句 w这时 谓语动词的形式要根据各自表示的时 间来调整 e g If he were alive now he might have finished his scientific researches on the bridge building th
8、ree years ago 如果他现在还活着 他可能三年前就完成了 他的桥梁建筑科研工作了 More examples w要是昨天不下雪的话 我们现在就应该在去 上海的路上了 If it had not snowed yesterday we would be on the way to Shanghai w要是昨天晚上医生来晚了的话 他今天就没 命了 If the doctor had not come sooner last night he would be dead today 实战练习 3 w1999年一月四级题 If I hadn t stood under the ladder
9、to catch you when you fell you now A wouldn t be smiling B won t smile C couldn t have smiled D didn t smile 解题思路 w这是一道错综时间虚拟条件句 w在本句中 从句是对过去发生的事情进 行假设 主句是对现在情况的假设 w译文 当你掉下来时 如果不是我在梯 子下面把你接住 恐怕你现在就不会笑 了 选A 实战练习 2 If you had taken your medicine yesterday you well now A are B had been C would be D wer
10、e 正确答案 C iii 虚拟语气的倒装 省略 if 的条件 句 w考试重点 w最常见的形式 if 引导的条件句 w但是 我们经常可以看到 if 被省略掉 而把were had should could放在主语 前面的条件句 w这种句型与 if 引导的条件句在表达意 思上无任何区别 只是这种句型主要用 于书面语 A case in Point wP 37 l 28 in College English II Unit 3 Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or
11、newspapers without a government I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter If it were left to me to decide 倒装虚拟语气的用法 w如果条件从句中含有were had should 或could 可以省略连词if 把这些词放在 主语之前构成倒装句 e g 假如我是你的话 我课后就多做练 习 Were I If I were you I would do more exercises after class 注意 w如果条件从句是否定式 倒装时只能把 not 放在主语之后 不
12、能用缩写式把 not 放在主语之前 w e g Had you not told me about the matter I should never have known the whole thing 不能说 Hadn t you told me 实战练习 4 w例 1997年6月四级第42题 Had he worked harder he the exams A must have got through B would have got through C would get through D could get through 解题思路 w本题前半句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条 件
13、从句 后半句是表示与过去事实相反的主 句 w相当于 If he had worked harder he would have got through the exams 本题的 答案是B would have got through w选项A must have got through 肯定通过 表示一种对过去事情的主观推测 不是与 过去事情相反的情况 另外 must不能用在 虚拟条件句中 w选项C 和D would could get through 就会通过 是虚拟语气现在时的一种表示方 法 表示与现在事实相反 iiii 含蓄虚拟条件句 w在虚拟语气中 有的句子可能没有明显的由 if 引
14、导的条件从句 但是 仔细一分析就会 发现句子中隐含着一个条件 这种句子称为 含蓄条件句 w含蓄的条件可以用下列方式来表达 1 介词或介词短语 常见的有 but for 要不是 with without in that position 在那个位置 in the absence of 没有 under in for the fear of w e g But for your help we couldn t have succeeded in the experiment If it had not been for your help 如果没有你的帮助 我们的实验不会成 功 w 没有空气就不
15、会有风和雨 Without air there would be no wind or rain If there were no air w 如果条件更好一些 我们会做得更好 Under a better condition we would have done much better 2 连接词 w常见的可以用来引导虚拟语气的连接词 有 and but but that or or else other otherwise 否则 等 we g I m really busy otherwise I would certainly go with you if I weren t so bu
16、sy w要不是由于交通事故 我就不会上课迟 到了 我本来上课不会迟到的 可是 发生了交通事故 wI would not have been late for class but there was a terrible traffic accident w我本来可以写信给你的 可我没有时间 wI would have written to you but there was no time If there had been time I would have written to you 实战练习 5 w2001年1月大学英语四级题目 wSome women a good salary in a job instead of staying home but they decided not to work for the sake of the family A must makeB should have made C would makeD could have made 解题思路 w本题涉及由but引导的暗含虚拟语气的用法 w我们从but后的陈述句中的谓语动词 decided
