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1、What is literature? Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Chapter 1 Colonial Period I. Background: Puritanism 1. features of Puritanism (1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred. (2) Original sin
2、: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3) Total depravity (4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced Ame
3、rican literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritans metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writ
4、ing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, ser
5、mons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor (3) Roger Williams (4) John Woolman (5) Thomas Paine (6) Philip Freneau III. Jonathan Edwards 1. life 2. works (1) The Freedom of the Will (2) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (3) The Nature of True Virtue 3. ideas p
6、ioneer of transcendentalism (1) The spirit of revivalism (2) Regeneration of man (3) Gods presence (4) Puritan idealism IV. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richards Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Soci
7、ety. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man “Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic
8、 Period What is Romanticism? An approach from ancient Greek: l Plato A literary trend: 18c in Britain (17981832) l Schlegel Bros. l I. Preview: Characteristics of romanticism 1. subjectivity (1) feeling and emotions, finding truth (2) emphasis on imagination (3) emphasis on individualism personal fr
9、eedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings 2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature (1) unrestrained by classical rules (2) full of imagination (3) colloquial language (4) freedom of imagination (5) genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics 3. back to nature nature i
10、s “breathing living thing” (Rousseau) II. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and con
11、tained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they enterta
12、ined. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. III. Washington Irving 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American write
13、r (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with
14、the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 18091832 a. Subjects are either English or European b. Conservative love for the antique (2) 18321859: back to US 5.
15、 style beautiful (1) gentility, urbanity, pleasantness (2) avoiding moralizing amusing and entertaining (3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere (4) vivid and true characters (5) humour smiling while reading (6) musical language IV. James Fenimore Cooper 1. life 2. works (1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austens Pride and Prejudice) (2) The Spy (his second novel and great success) (3) Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels) The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie 3. point of view
